Nuclear power in the Czech Republic

Dukovany

Temelín

Nuclear power stations in the
Czech Republic (view)
 Active plants
 Future plants

The Czech Republic currently operates two nuclear power stations: Temelín and Dukovany. As of 2010 there have been government and corporate moves to expand Czech nuclear power generation capacity. Any expansion is likely to build on plans first developed in the 1980s.

History

Temelín NPP

In 1956 a decision was made to build the first nuclear power station in Czechoslovakia, in Jaslovské Bohunice (western Slovakia). The KS 150 or A1 reactor (120 MWe) was selected because of its ability to use unenriched uranium mined in Czechoslovakia (see Uranium mining in Czechoslovakia). The KS 150 was designed in the Soviet Union and built in Czechoslovakia. Construction was burdened by many problems and took an unexpectedly lengthy 16 years. In 1972 the plant was activated. In 1977 an accident stopped energy production and since 1979 the reactor has been being dismantled.

In 1970 an agreement with the Soviet Union was made to build two power stations of the VVER reactor design. One plant was built again in Jaslovské Bohunice, the other in Dukovany (southern Moravia), both equipped with four reactors VVER-440 v. 213 producing 440 MWe each. The first new reactor in Jaslovské Bohunice was activated in 1978, the remaining 7 during the 1980s.

At the end of 1970s a decision was made to build two more power stations: Temelín (southern Bohemia, 4 × VVER-1000, 1000 MWe) and Mochovce (southern Slovakia, 4 × VVER-440 v. 213, 440 MWe). Due to a politically motivated decision by the government of Petr Pithart, in 1990 the Temelín station limited to two reactors. The construction of Temelín also suffered from delays and was over budget.

The fluoride volatility method of reprocessing used nuclear fuel was developed at the Řež nuclear research institute at Řež.^[1][2][3]

Waste

The Czech Republic currently has no state policy on storage or reprocessing of nuclear waste but leaves the responsibility on the Czech Power Company (CEZ). The CEZ does not believe reprocessing is economic and stores spent fuel until the Radioactive Waste Repository Authority (RAWRA) assumes responsibility for it. The RAWRA will select a permanent location for storage by 2015 and construction will begin on this site after 2050.^[4]

Czech Austrian relations

The Czech Republic and Austria have had disagreements concerning the Temelín Nuclear Power Station only 50 km from the Czech-Austrian border. Austria had threatened the Czech Republic with difficulties in joining the EU if the plant was commissioned. Other opponents to this power plant claimed that it had the same design as the Chernobyl — a falsehood, since Chernobyl had RBMKs, and Temelín would have VVERs. The Czech President at the time, Václav Havel, called the plant “megalomaniac.”^[5]

Proposed expansion

The Czech Energy Policy of 2004 envisages building two or more large reactors to replace Dukovany power plant after 2020. The plans announced in 2006 envisage construction of one 1,500 MWe unit at Temelín after 2020, and a second to follow.^[6]

• The easiest expansion of nuclear energy plant would be completion of the two abandoned blocks at Temelín station. A recommendation by the Ministry of Industry suggested in 2005 to add two 600 MWe reactors there before the year 2025.^[7] In August 2009, ČEZ sought bids for two pressurized water reactors (PWRs) for units 3 and 4.^[8]
• Several locations in the Czech lands were investigated and selected for new stations during the 1980s: the village of Blahutovice (northern Moravia, near Ostrava), the village of Tetov (eastern Bohemia, near Pardubice),the town of Mníšek pod Brdy (central Bohemia) and even a nuclear heating plant in Prague-Radotín.^[9]

Blahutovice

Blahutovice, a village located in an isolated, poor and thinly populated area, was selected in 1986 because of convenient geological conditions. A power station (JEBL) with two VVER-1000 reactors was proposed together with a new dam in Hustopeče nad Bečvou. In the year 2000 no construction was expected before 2015, if ever.

Tetov

Initially, Opatovice nad Labem (home of a large coal powered power plant) was selected, but its location between the cities of Hradec Králové and Pardubice was unfavorable and the more distant village of Tetov was chosen (one plan suggested building a nuclear heating plant in Opatovice nad Labem instead).

The power station required an area of 150 hectares and was to have two or four VVER-1000 reactors, producing 1000 MWe each and also providing heating for the Hradec Králové-Pardubice agglomeration, and for Prague (using a 67 km long steam pipeline). Construction was to be started in 1996 and the reactors activated between 2004–2008. The cost was estimated to be 60 billion (10⁹) Kčs.^[10]

Nuclear waste storage

Nuclear waste produced by the power stations (and by the other smaller reactors in the country) is currently exported to Russia (or the Soviet Union before 1991), who is the supplier of enriched uranium. A programme from 1980s recommended the building of an underground storage site to keep waste for reprocessing in the future. Geological exploration started during the second half of the 1990s. Eleven candidate locations have been selected but the process is not finished as of 2006. A possibility to store waste on the Temelín station site is being considered.

Position of the public

Most of the Czech public supports further expansion of nuclear power use (60% in 2007^[11]), seeing it as the only realistic chance to deal with the future energy crisis.

Those living near nuclear waste storage invariably disagree^{[citation needed]} (see the NIMBY phenomenon). They argue that the mere existence of such plans blocks development of an area, discourages investments and reduces the attractiveness of the place for tourists. Several villages had organized referendums against planned waste storage and regional governments have tried to put legal and organizational obstacles in the way of new stations.

In 2008, 64% of Czechs answered in poll that they agree with the use of nuclear power. This was (together with Lithuania) the greatest proportion from all 27 surveyed EU countries. Furthermore, the poll shows that the support of public steadily grows, from 52% in 2004 to 64% in 2008.^[12]

Notes

1. ^ AN EXPERIENCE ON DRY NUCLEAR FUEL REPROCESSING IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC
2. ^ R&D OF PYROCHEMICAL PARTITIONING IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC
3. ^ DEVELOPMENT OF URANIUM OXIDE POWDER DOSING FOR FLUORIDE VOLATILITY SEPARATION PROCESS
4. ^ "Nuclear Power in the Czech Republic". World Nuclear Association. 2007-02. http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf90.html. 
5. ^ "Czech reactor: Twenty years of controversy". BBC News. 2000-08-13. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/968533.stm. 
6. ^ "Nuclear Power in Czech Republic". World Nuclear Association. February 2007. http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf90.html. Retrieved 2007-07-15. 
7. ^ "Plans to expand Temelín" (in Czech). June 2005. http://ekolist.cz/nazor.shtml?x=238126. Retrieved 2007-03-31. 
8. ^ "Tender launched for Temelin expansion". World Nuclear News. 3 August 2009. http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN-Tender_launched_for_Temelin_expansion-0308094.html. Retrieved 2009-08-03. 
9. ^ "History of nuclear power in Czechoslovakia" (in Czech) (PDF format). ČEZ. December 2005. pp. 56–59. http://www.cez.cz/presentation/cze/GetFile?type=FilFile&version=-2&id=86987&download=true. Retrieved 2007-03-30. 
10. ^ "Plans for the nuclear plant scrapped" (in Czech). MF Dnes. June 2006. http://ekonomika.idnes.cz/ekonomika.asp?r=ekonomika&c=A050616_094734_ekonomika_plz. Retrieved 2007-03-31. 
11. ^ "People agree to finish Temelín" (in Czech). March 2007. http://aktualne.centrum.cz/domaci/zdravi-skola-spolecnost/clanek.phtml?id=367135&tro792_0_4. Retrieved 2007-03-31. 
12. ^ http://www.cez.cz/cs/vyroba-elektriny/zvazovana-dostavba-elektrarny-temelin/postoj-ceske-verejnosti-k-jaderne-energetice.html

External links

• Nuclear energy plans of Czechoslovakia (in Czech)
• Website of the State Office for Nuclear Safety (en, cz)