Platanthera

Taxobox


image_width = 240px
image_caption = "Platanthera bifolia"
regnum = Plantae
divisio = Magnoliophyta
classis = Liliopsida
ordo = Asparagales
familia = Orchidaceae
subfamilia = Orchidoideae
tribus = Orchideae
subtribus = Orchidinae
alliance = Orchis
genus = "Platanthera"
genus_authority = Rich., 1817
type_species = "Platanthera bifolia" (L.) Rich.
subdivision_ranks = species
subdivision = Dozens, see below Sources: ING,cite web
url = http://botany.si.edu/ing/INGsearch.cfm?searchword=Jasminum
title = "Jasminum"
accessdate = 2008-06-03
format = HTML
work = Index Nominum Genericorum
publisher = International Association for Plant Taxonomy]

The genus "Platanthera" belongs to the subfamily Orchidoideae of the family Orchidaceae, and is comprised of about 100 species of orchids. The members of this genus were previously included in the genus "Orchis", which is a close relative (along with the genus "Habenaria"). They are distributed throughout the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. They are terrestrial and have tubercules.

Etymology

Orchids obtain their name of Greek "orchis", meaning "testicle", for the appearance of the underground tubercles in some terrestrial species. The word "orchis" used Theophrastus for the first time (371/372 - 287/286 B.C.), in his book "De Historia Plantarum" (On the Natural History of Plants). He was student of Aristotle and it is considered the father of botany and ecology.

Louis Claude Richard chose the name "Platanthera" for this genus; it comes from the Greek and means "broad or wide anther," referring to the separation of the base of the pollinia in the type species of the genus. Richard felt that this characteristic distinguished the genus "Platanthera" from both the genus "Orchis" and the genus "Habenaria". However, today the defining characteristics of the genus are generally accepted to be the absence of both stigmatic processes (typical in "Habenaria") and ovoid root-tuberoids (characteristic of both "Habenaria" and "Orchis").

Range

These orchids may be found distributed about the subarctic and temperate zones of the Northern Hemisphere: from Scandinavia to North Africa, Madeira, Iceland, Asia Minor, Russia, the Himalayas, North America and Alaska. Areas of particular diversity include the North America, with 32 species, and eastern Asia, with a similar number of species.

Description and Habitat

Species of "Platanthera" are perennial terrestrial herbs, erect in habit. The roots are fasciculate and typically fleshy and slender, although they may be somewhat tuberous; if tuberous they are lanceolate to fusiform and not ovoid. The leaves are generally fleshy and range from oblong or ovoid to lanceolate. Leaf shape often varies with the lower leaves more ovoid in shape, progressively becoming more lanceolate as they progress up the scape; floral bracts, if present, are lanceolate to linear. The base of the leaves typically sheathes the stem. The inflorescence is terminal and solitary, and the flowers form a cylindrical spike that ranges from sparse to dense. The flowers are typically resupinate, and often showy and colorful. The petals and labellum are typically entire, but in a number of North American species they may be fringed or edentate; in this group of species the labellum is also often deeply lobed or auricuate. The seed capsules are cylindrical and ridged.

These terrestrial orchids develop in a wide range of soil types and habitats, from strongly basic soils to deeply acidic bog soils, from forest openings and in clearings within the forest to open tundra. In all cases they require moist soils and are not found in dry or desert locations. While their fleshy tuberculous roots can store water, allowing them to survive temporary drought, they cannot survived extended drought.

"Platanthera" may be distinguished from "Orchis" and "Habenaria" by the absence of stigmatic processes, and the absence of ovoid roots.

Species of "Platanthera"

Many species can cross-fertilise, resulting in great morphological variety and complicating classification.

The type species is "Platanthera bifolia" (L.) Rich. 1817

More than 400 species, subspecies, and varieties have been described, of which 85 are clearly defined. Most of this are found distributed about Asia.

52 species from temperate Asian countries (China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan),13 species from tropical Asian countries (Burma, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines),37 species from North America north of Mexico,7 species from Europe.

They include:
*North America:

*Asia:

*Europe:
**"Platanthera algeriensis"
**"Platanthera bifolia"
**"Platanthera chlorantha"
**"Platanthera holmboei"
**"Platanthera hyperborea"
**"Platanthera obtusata var. oligantha"

*North Africa:
**"Platanthera algeriensis"
**"Platanthera kuenkelei"

*Azores
**"Platanthera azorica"
**"Platanthera micrantha"

Inline references

References

* Leroy-Terquem, Gerald and Jean Parisot. "Orchids: Care and Cultivation." London: Cassel Publishers Ltd., 1991.
* Schoser, Gustav. "Orchid Growing Basics." New York: Sterling Publishing Co., Inc., 1993.
* White, Judy. "Taylor’s Guide to Orchids." Frances Tenenbaum, Series Editor. New York: Houghton-Mifflin, 1996.
* The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Orchids by Alec Pridgeon. Published by the Timber Press.
* The Manual Of Cultivated Orchid Species By Bechtel, Cribb and Launert, Published by The MIT Press.

External links

* [http://utc.usu.edu/keys/Platanthera/Platanthera.html "Platanthera" Interactive Key at Utah State University]
* [http://utc.usu.edu/factsheets/PlatantheraFSF.html "Platanthera" Fact Sheets]
* [http://www.botany.wisc.edu/orchids/Platanthera.html "Platanthera" Interactive Key from Orchids of Wisconsin online Flora]
* [http://www.orchidsrepbiol.de/cgi-bin/img_db/img_displayTaxon.pl?db=Platanthera Platanthera picture database]