Jōkyū

was a Japanese era name (年号, "nengō", lit. year name) after "Kempō" and before "Jōō." This period spanned the years from 1219 through 1222. The reigning emperor was Juntoku"-tennō" (順徳天皇). [Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). "Annales des empereurs du Japon," pp. 230-238; Brown, Delmer "et al." (1979). "Gukanshō," pp. 341-343; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). "Jinnō Shōtōki." pp. 221-223.]

Change of era

* 1219 ("Jōkyū gannen" 承久元年): The new era name was created because the previous era ended and a new one commenced in "Kempo" 3, on the 6th day of the 12th month of 1213. [Brown, p. 341.]

Events of the "Jōkyū" era

* February 12, 1219 ("Jōkyū 1, 26th day of the 1st month"): Shogun Sanetomo was assassinated on the steps of Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gū in Kamakura. The 40 years during which Minamoto no Yoritomo, Minamoto no Yoriie and Minamoto no Sanetomo were successive heads of the Kamakura shogunate was sometimes called "the period of the three shoguns." [Titsingh, [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA235,M1 p. 235.] There is a scholarly discrepancy in the specific date of the assassination -- on the 26th day of the 1st month of the 1st year of Jōkyū (Tuesday, February 12, 1219) according to Titsingh; Murray, [http://books.google.com/books?id=iSANAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA504&lpg=PA504&dq=minamoto+kokio&source=web&ots=QRgvGxnp6T&sig=Z-yMkgTrJZXd1IAn32Kmrt2ohxI&hl=en#PPA504,M1 p. 504;] Brinkley, Frank. (1915). [http://books.google.com/books?id=JlUCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA337&dq=Sanetomo+murdered&client=firefox-a#PPA339,M1 "A History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the End of the Meiji Era," p. 339;] and Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1962). [http://books.google.com/books?id=0gweAAAAMAAJ&q=Sanetomo+murdered&dq=Sanetomo+murdered&lr=&client=firefox-a&pgis=1 "Sovereign and Subject," p. 140.] Alternately, Sanetomo's death is recorded as January 27, 1219 according to Mass, Jeffrey P. (1995). [http://books.google.com/books?id=ijyj-9lHNigC&pg=PA158&dq=Sanetomo+murdered&lr=&client=firefox-a&sig=ACfU3U1pOaH__00gZkMjuNNlrQiGfALjNw#PPA157,M1 "Court and Bakufu in Japan: Essays in Kamakura History," p. 157;] Kamiya, Michinori (2008). "Fukaku Aruku - Kamakura Shiseki Sansaku." Vol. 1, pp. 17-23; Mutsu, Iso (2006). [http://books.google.com/books?id=lr1-AAAAIAAJ&q=Sanetomo+murdered&dq=Sanetomo+murdered&lr=&client=firefox-a&pgis=1 "Kamakura: Fact and Legend,"] p. 103. Japanese Wikipedia identifies [http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BA%90%E5%AE%9F%E6%9C%9D Sanetomo's death] as February 13, 1219.] ] A new shogun was not to be named for several years during which the Kamakura bureaucracy nevertheless continued to function without interruption.
* 1220 ("Jōkyū 2, 2nd month"): The emperor visited the Iwashimizu Shrine and the Kamo Shrines. [Titsingh, p. 236.]
* May 13, 1221 ("Jōkyū 3, 20th day of the 4th month"): In the 11th year of Juntoku"-tennō" 's reign (順徳天皇11年), the emperor abdicated; and the succession ("senso") was received by eldest son who was only 4 years old. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Chūkyō is said to have acceded to the throne ("sokui"). [Titsingh, p. 236; Brown, p.343; Varley, p. 44. [A distinct act of "senso" is unrecognized prior to Emperor Tenji; and all sovereigns except , Yōzei, Go-Toba, and Fushimi have "senso" and "sokui" in the same year until the reign of Go-Murakami.] ] The reign of Emperor Chūkyō spans a small number of months.
* July 29, 1221 ("Jōkyū 3, 9th day of the 7th month"): In the 1st year of what is now considered to have been Chūkyō"-tennō" 's reign (仲恭天皇1年), he abruptly abdicated without designating an heir; and contemporary scholars then construed that the succession ("senso") [Varley, p. 44.] was received by a grandson of former Emperor Go-Toba. [Brown, p. 344; Titsingh, p. 238.]
* January 14, 1222 ("Jōkyū 3, on the 1st day of the 12th month"): Emperor Go-Horikawa acceded to the throne ("sokui"). [Titsingh, p. 95; Brown, p. 344; Varley, p. 44.]

Notes

References

* Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). [ Jien, c. 1220] , "Gukanshō (The Future and the Past, a translation and study of the Gukanshō, an interpretative history of Japan written in 1219)." Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-03460-0
* Titsingh, Isaac, ed. (1834). [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi Gahō, 1652] , "Nipon o daï itsi ran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon, tr. par M. Isaac Titsingh avec l'aide de plusieurs interprètes attachés au comptoir hollandais de Nangasaki; ouvrage re., complété et cor. sur l'original japonais-chinois, accompagné de notes et précédé d'un Aperçu d'histoire mythologique du Japon, par M. J. Klaproth." Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran --"Two copies of this rare book have now been made available online: (1) from the library of the University of Michigan, digitized January 30, 2007; and (2) from the library of Stanford University, digitized June 23, 2006." Click here to read the original text in French.]
* Varley, H. Paul , ed. (1980). [ Kitabatake Chikafusa, 1359] , "Jinnō Shōtōki ("A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: Jinnō Shōtōki of Kitabatake Chikafusa" translated by H. Paul Varley)." New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-04940-4

External links

* National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" [http://www.ndl.go.jp/koyomi/e/ -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection]
* [http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/dgkeysearchdetail.cfm?trg=1&strucID=139733&imageID=110031&word=japan&s=1&notword=&d=&c=&f=&lWord=&lField=&sScope=&sLevel=&sLabel=&total=1807&num=372&imgs=12&pNum=&pos=382 New York Public Library Digital Gallery, early photograph of Shrine steps where Sanetomo was killed]