Guria

:"For the village in Bangladesh, see Guria, Bangladesh."Infobox Region of Georgia
name = Guria
fullname = Guria Region
fullname_local = გურიის მხარე
fullname_tran = Guriis Mkhare
iso = GE-GU
capital = Ozurgeti
governor =
districts = 3
area = 2,033
population = 143,000 (2002)
administrative

historical

Guria ( _ka. გურია) is a region ("mkhare") in Georgia, in the western part of the country, bordered by the eastern end of the Black Sea. The region has a population of 143,357 (2002) [ [http://www.statistics.ge/_files/english/census/2002/Ethnic%20groups.pdf 2002 Georgia census] . State Department of Statistics of Georgia. Retrieved on December 16, 2007.] and Ozurgeti is a regional capital.

Geography

Guria is bordered by Samegrelo to the north-west, Imereti to the north, Samtskhe-Javakheti to the east, Ajaria to the south, and the Black Sea to the west. The province has an area of 2,003 km².

Guria consists of three administrative districts:
* Ozurgeti
* Lanchkhuti
* Chokhatauri

History

The toponym "Guria" is first attested in the c. 800 Georgian chronicle of Pseudo-Juansher.Rapp, Stephen H. (2003), "Studies In Medieval Georgian Historiography: Early Texts And Eurasian Contexts", p. 427. Peeters Bvba, ISBN 90-429-1318-5.]

Guria first appears c. 1352 as a fief of the house of Vardanidze-Dadiani; and after 1463 it became a sovereign principality independent of the Kingdom of Georgia under a branch of that house, known thereafter by the name of Gurieli. The principality, comprising modern Guria and much of Adjara with the city of Batumi, was subsequently reduced in size and devastated in a series of conflicts with the Ottoman Empire. A Russian protectorate was established by the treaty concluded on June 19 1810 between the Gurieli Mamia V and the empire, and in 1829, during the regency for the last prince, the Gurieli David, the principality was annexed by Russia. [Yust, Walter (ed., 1952), "The Encyclopaedia Britannica - A new survey of universal knowledge". Volume 14, p. 6.]

There were uprisings against Russian rule in 1819 and again in 1841. In 1840, Guria was made a county ("uyezd") and renamed Ozurgeti, after one of its main towns. In 1846, it was transferred to the new Kutais Governorate. By 1904, the population was just under 100,000, occupying an area of approximately 532,000 square acres of mountains and swampy valleys, covered by corn fields, vineyards, and some tea plantations. It was the most ethnically homogenous of Georgian areas, with the peasantry and lesser rural nobility making up almost the entire population, with a high level of literacy and relatively high degree of economic self-satisfaction. The peasant protest movement, which originated in 1902 and culminated in an open insurrection against the government during the Russian Revolution of 1905, was the most effective and organized peasant movement in the empire. The peasants’ self-government, the so-called Gurian Republic, survived into 1906, when it was crashed and Guria devastated by the Cossack punitive expedition. [Stephen F. Jones (2005), "Socialism in Georgian Colors: The European Road to Social Democracy, 1883-1917", pp. 131-2. Harvard University Press, ISBN 0674019024.] The region was a native powerbase of the Georgian Social Democratic (Menshevik) Party which dominated the Democratic Republic of Georgia from 1918 to 1921. Guria was a scene of guerrilla resistance to the militarily imposed Soviet rule early in the 1920s. Under the Soviet government, Guria was an agrarian area divided into three administrative districts. In 1995, the Georgian government decreed the creation of the region ("mkhare") of Guria, restoring the province’s historical name to official usage.

The Orthodox churches of Likhauri and Shemokmedi are the main historical buildings in the province.

Origin of the name "Guria"

As for the etymology of the name of Guria, some say that the root of the word refers to restlessness and the word should mean “the land of the restless” and may be associated with events during the eighth and ninth centuries when “Leon became the King of Abkhazeti, Guruls refused to obey the ruler of Odzrakho, ceased their vassal relations with Adarnase and Ashot Bagrationi and united with Leon” as it was described in Vakhushti Bagrationi’s historical works of the eighteenth century.

According to a later explanation, in the times of Georgia’s prosperity, when its borders stretched from “Nikopsia to Daruband”, Guria was situated in the heart of the Georgian territory. The linguistic evidence for the above hypothesis is the Megrelian for “heart” – “guri”.

Economy

Subtropic farming and tourism is a mainstay of the region’s economy. Water is one of the Guria’s main assets. The province is famous for the mineral water of Nabeglavi, which is similar to Borjomi in its chemical composition and the Black Sea health resort of Ureki rich in magnetic sand. Guria is also one of the largest tea growing regions in Georgia. [http://www.tonus.ge/about.en.html]

Demographics

Gurians (Gurulebi) are ethnic Georgians who speak a local dialect of the Georgian language.

Notables

* Gabriel Kikodze, the Bishop of Imereti (nineteenth century).
* Ekvtime Takaishvili (1862-1952), historian.
* Kalistrate, the Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia from 1932 to 1952.
* Noe Zhordania, Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of Georgia from 1918 to 1921.
* Pavle Ingorokva (1893-1990), historian, philologist, and public benefactor.
* Eduard Shevardnadze, Georgia’s former president.
* Nodar Dumbadze, Writer.

References

Administrative divisions of Georgia