- Rafael de Nogales Méndez
Rafael Inchauspe Méndez, known as Rafael de Nogales Méndez (San Cristóba,Táchira,
October 14 ,1879 -Panama City ,July 10 ,1936 ) was aVenezuela n military mercenary and writer.De Nogales studied inGermany ,Belgium andSpain , and spoke various languages fluently. He took part in several conflicts in the last part of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th: in 1898 in theSpanish-American War ; in 1902 in the Revolución Libertadora of Venezuela; in 1904 in theFirst Sino-Japanese War . He returned to Venezuela in 1908, after the military coup ofJuan Vicente Gómez that overthrew the dictatorCipriano Castro . Even so, he went back to exile after making himself an enemy of the new president.World War I
When
World War I began, after unsuccessfully attempting to join a number of European armies, he enlisted in the Ottoman Army, where he reached the rank of "Bey ". He led gendarmerie troops during the siege of Van, but asked to be relieved, out of compassion for the insurgents.cite book
author = Mann, Michael
year = 2005
title = The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing
pages = 154
publisher =Cambridge University Press
url = http://www.cambridge.org/9780521831307
quote = I was thoroughly disgusted and disheartened by the numerous and utterly unjustifiedmassacres of the Christians, committed, if not at the direct instance, at least throughthe complaisance of the Commander-in-Chief of our Expeditionary Army, Khalil Bey.] He later wrote a book describing his experiences with the Ottoman Army in World War I as well as witnessing the massacres of Armenians inBitlis ,Siirt andVan during theArmenian Genocide .He fought in the Turkish lines during the entire war, and was awarded the
Iron Cross by the Káiser Wilhelm II.Post War
After the war ended, he worked with the
Nicaragua n revolutionaryAugusto César Sandino . Additionally, he spent time inAlaska during the time of the gold rush there, and also worked as a cowboy inArizona .He wrote several books about his experiences: "Memorias del general Rafael de Nogales Méndez", "Cuatro años bajo la Media Luna", about his experiences as an officer of the Ottoman Empire, and "El saqueo de Nicaragua". His commentaries about the atrocitites committed against the Armenian people by the Turkish government, in the book Cuatro años bajo la Media Luna, is one of many Western testimonies about the
Armenian Genocide .Bibliography
* De Nogales, Rafael. "Four Years Beneath The Crescent." London: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1926. Most recently republished as: " [http://www.gomidas.org/books/nogales.htm Four Years Under the Crescent] "(Sterndale Classics) ISBN 1-903656-19-2
* De Nogales, Rafael. "Memoirs of a soldier of Fortune". New York: Garden City Publishing Company, Inc., 1932. Recently republished in paperback.References
External links
* [http://www.simon-bolivar.org/bolivar/rafael_de_nogales.html Rafael De Nogales Méndez: Caballero andante venezolano] , José Rosario Araujo. es
* [http://www.saber.ula.ve/db/ssaber/Edocs/pubelectronicas/contexto/vol6num8/violeta_rojo.pdf "Memorias de un aventurero venezolano: Rafael de Nogales Méndez", por Violeta Rojo] es
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