Ruthenium(II) tris(bathophenanthroline disulfonate)

Ruthenium(II) tris(bathophenanthroline disulfonate) is a chemical compound used as a protein dye in biochemistry for differentiating and detecting different proteins in laboratory settings.

In recent years, 2-D electrophoresis has been widely accepted as a standard procedure to separate complex protein mixtures in proteome studies (Proteomics). Protein visualisation by Ruthenium(II) tris(bathophenthroline disulfonate) has become a firmly established and widely used method in proteomic analysis [Miller I, Crawford J, Gianazza E (2006), Protein stains for proteomic applications: Which, when, why? Proteomics.] [Bryborn M, Adner M, Cardell LO (2005), Respir Res 6: 118. [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=16236163] ] [Clerk A, Cullingford TE, Kemp TJ, Kennedy RA, Sugden PH (2005), Adv Enzyme Regul 45: 94-111.] [Schaller A, Troller R, Molina D, Gallati S, Aebi C, et al. (2006), Proteomics 6: 172-180.] [Stasyk T, Morandell S, Bakry R, Feuerstein I, Huck CW, et al. (2005), Electrophoresis 26: 2850-2854.] [Berger K, Wissmann D, Ihling C, Kalkhof S, Beck-Sickinger A, et al. (2004), Mol Cell Endocrinol 227: 21-30.] [Gorg A, Weiss W, Dunn MJ (2004), Proteomics 4: 3665-3685.] [Smejkal GB, Robinson MH, Lazarev A (2004), Electrophoresis 25: 2511-2519.] [Junca H, Plumeier I, Hecht HJ, Pieper DH (2004), Microbiology 150: 4181-4187. [http://mic.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/full/150/12/4181?view=long&pmid=15583170] ] [Tang HY, Speicher DW (2005), Expert Rev Proteomics 2: 295-306.] [Piette A, Derouaux A, Gerkens P, Noens EE, Mazzucchelli G, et al. (2005), J Proteome Res 4: 1699-1708.] [Quaglino D, Boraldi F, Bini L, Volpi N (2004), Current Proteomics 1: 167-178.] [Hjerno K, Alm R, Canback B, Matthiesen R, Trajkovski K, et al. (2006), Proteomics 6: 1574-1587.] [Gerber IB, Laukens K, Witters E, Dubery IA (2006), Plant Physiol Biochem 44: 369-379.] [Chevallet M, Diemer H, Luche S, van Dorsselaer A, Rabilloud T, et al. (2006), Proteomics 6: 2350-2354.] [Lamanda A, Cheaib Z, Turgut MD (2007), PLoS One 2007 Feb 28;2:e263. [http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchArticle.action?articleURI=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0000263] ] and a crucial step in protein expression profiling.

For protein detection, it is advantageous to use fluorescent labels containing chromophores which have longer excitation wavelength and Emission (electromagnetic radiation)
emission wavelength than the aromatic amino acids. The dyes used for this important step should combine attributes like good signal to background ratio (contrast), broad linear dynamic range, broad application range, photochemical stability and compatibility to protein identification techniques, e.g. mass spectrometry (MS) or Western blotting.

Originally, the ruthenium transition metal complex, ruthenium(II) tris(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline disulfonate) also termed as ruthenium(II) tris(bathophentroline disulfonate) (RuBPS) was synthesized by Bannwarth [http://www.chemie.uni-freiburg.de/orgbio/w3bann/index.html] as a precursor molecule for a dye that was used as a non-radioactive label for oligo nucleotides. [Bannwarth W, Schmidt D, Stallard RL, Hornung C, Knorr R, et al. (1988), Helv Chim Acta 71: 2085-2099.] Later, Rabilloud et al. [Rabilloud T, Strub JM, Luche S, van Dorsselaer A, Lunardi J (2001), Proteomics 1: 699-704.] used RuBPS as a fluorescent label for protein detection in polyacrylamide gels [http://192.129.24.144/licensed_materials/10216/contents/00/00002/fpaper/s102160000002ch000.html] . The fact that RuBPS is not only easy to synthesize but also easy to handle, induced further developments in this field.

Lamanda et al. [Lamanda A, Zahn A, Roder D, Langen H (2004), Proteomics 4: 599-608.] improved the RuBPS staining protocol by selectively destaining the polyacrylamide matrix while the protein content remained tinctured. This new technique entailed a variety of advantages like strong signals, ameliorated signal to background ratio, better linearity and advanced baseline resolution.

External links

More information about ruthenium(II) tris(bathophenanthroline disulfonate) staining can be found on [http://www.ruthenium.ag.vu/index.html]

References