Via della Conciliazione

Via della Conciliazione (Road of the Conciliation [The name finally settled upon for the project was chosen by journalist Franco Franchi after World War II; Delli, Sergio. "Le strade di Roma", Newton Compton, Rome, 1975 (sub vocem)] ) is a street in the rione of Borgo within Rome. Roughly 500 m in length, [Multimap reference ( [http://www.multimap.com/map/browse.cgi?lat=41.9023&lon=12.462&scale=5000] )] it connects Saint Peter's Square to the Castel Sant'Angelo on the western bank of the Tiber River.

The road was constructed between 1936 and 1950, and it is the primary access route to the Square. In addition to the usual lining of shops and residences, it is bordered by a number of historical and religious buildings – including the Palazzo Torlonia, the Palazzo dei Penitenzieri and the Palazzo dei Convertendi, and the churches of Santa Maria in Traspontina and Santo Spirito in Sassia. Despite being one of the few major thoroughfares in Rome able to cope with a high volume of traffic without congestion, [Charles B. McClendon, "The History of the Site of St. Peter's Basilica, Rome", Perspecta, Vol. 25. (1989), p 34. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0079-0958%281989%2925%3C32%3ATHOTSO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-K (JSTOR link)] ] it is the subject of much ire both within the Roman community and among historical scholars due to the circumstances under which it was constructed. [Teresa Cutler, " [http://www.lifeinitaly.com/tourism/lazio/conciliazione.asp Via Della Conciliazione] ", LifeInItaly.com. URL accessed February 10, 2007.] Kirk, T, " [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0422/is_4_88/ai_n17093715 Framing St. Peter's: urban planning in Fascist Rome] ", Art Bulletin, The (Dec 2006) p. 1]

The area around the church was rebuilt several times following the various Sacks of Rome, and again after having deteriorated due to the loss of prosperity resulting from the Papacy's relocation to Avignon during the 14th Century. Through all of these reconstructions, the area in front of the short courtyard of Saint Peter's Basilica remained a maze of densely-packed structures overhanging narrow side-streets and alleyways.

Previous plans

Plans were drawn up several times over the years for the construction of a major link between the Vatican City and the centre of Rome; the number of submissions increasing dramatically with the onset of the Italian Renaissance. The first design was submitted by Leone Battista Alberti during the reign of Pope Nicholas V [McClendon, p36.] , and formed one of the two perennial designs proposed for the area. Alberti envisioned an "open" plan, consisting of a single voluminous V-shaped boulevard, widest at the Basilica itself and tapering as it approached the river. The other scheme of designs submitted by architects was a "closed" plan that would consist of two roads arching outwards in an ellipse, with the Tiber and the Square at opposite ends. Recommenders of a closed plan would usually suggest that the space between the two causeways be separated by a colonnade, or by a row of inhabited structures whose designs would be scrutinised and approved by architects employed by the Holy See. Variations on both themes were submitted time and time again. Proponents of an "open" plan included such architects as Giovanni Battista Nolli and Cosimo Morelli.Kirk, p.2] [McClendon, pp. 36, 42] A number of other architects, such as Carlo Fontana, and at least one Pope (Sixtus V) favoured a "closed" design, with a number of streets radiating from the central square, maintaining the "spina", or spine, of the structures of Borgo directly between the square and the Tiber. [McClendon, pp.37, 44] Neither approach moved beyond sketches and blueprints. Both open and closed designs were considered by the Vatican, but were ultimately discarded for reasons of expense. A thorough examination of the costs of constructing a thoroughfare was made by the Vatican-approved "St. Peter's Building Commission" in 1651. Their conclusion was that "the cardinals' proposal to demolish all the buildings between the Borgo Nuovo and the Borgo Vecchio for a greater and longer vista to the church" would be infeasible due to inordinately high expropriation costs and vested property interests.

Further momentum was lost when Gian Lorenzo Bernini was commissioned to redesign the terrace in front of the Basilica in 1656. After discarding several sketches, Bernini settled on a colossal open space in the shape of an ellipse. With the potential expense of clearing Borgo, Bernini decided instead to make use of the warren of poorly-maintained medieval buildings to obscure any view of the Vatican structures from any significant distance. In this way, pilgrims emerged from the relative darkness of the city into the vast open space and grandeur of the Square and its surrounding buildings – a sight calculated to inspire awe in first-time visitors to the Holy See's seat of power. Bernini had originally planned to demolish a square roughly 100m to a side directly in front of the square, filling the space with a third colonnade (or "terzo braccio") to match the two still standing today. This would afford a longer vantage point to allow visitors a better viewing angle of the new Basilica. The death of his patron, Pope Alexander VII, put a halt to Bernini's work. The third set of columns was abandoned, and Bernini's piazza remained open-ended and incomplete. [Kitao, T, "Circle and Oval in the Square of Saint Peter's: Bernini's Art of Planning", The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Vol. 35, No. 3. (Oct., 1976), pp. 234-235.]

From the final major reconstruction of Borgo in the 15th Century, the site which the Via della Conciliazione now covers remained occupied by residential, religious, and historical buildings for nearly 500 years. The final impetus behind the road's construction was primarily political. Borgo, along with the rest of the Papal States outside of the Vatican itself, was taken by the Kingdom of Italy during the Italian unification in the 19th Century – leading to Pope Pius IX's declaration that he had become a prisoner in the Vatican and the formation of the Roman Question. For the next 59 years, the Popes refused to leave the Vatican, in order to avoid any appearance of accepting the authority wielded by the Italian government over Rome as a whole. Initially, parts of the Italian government welcomed this, expecting the influence of the Papacy to fade to the point that enough political support could be gained to abolish it altogether. [Giuseppe Guerzoni, "Garibaldi: con documenti editi e inediti", Florence, Vol. 11, (1882) p485.] However, this failed to come to pass, and eventually a compromise acceptable to both states was reached in the Lateran treaty of 1929.

Mussolini and Rome

Prime Minister Benito Mussolini, who had signed the accord on behalf of the King, resurrected the idea of a grand thoroughfare symbolically connecting the Vatican to the heart of the Italian capital. To fulfil this vision, Mussolini turned to the prominent Fascist architects Marcello Piacentini and Attilio Spaccarelli. Drawing inspiration from a number of the designs submitted by Carlo Fontana, Piacentini came up with a plan that would preserve the best aspects of both the "open" and "closed" designs – a grand boulevard that would nonetheless obscure the majority of the Vatican buildings per Bernini's intentions. The vast colonnaded street would require the clearance of the whole "spina" of Borgo placed in between the Basilica and the Castle. Since the facades of the buildings lining this space did not align perfectly, in order to create the illusion of a perfectly straight causeway traffic islands would be erected along both sides, with rows of obelisks leading towards the Square, doubling as lampposts. These were also intended to reduce the effect that the funnel-shaped design would have on perspective when facing the Basilica. The wings of those buildings closest to the square would be preserved to form a propylaea, blocking the greater portion of the Vatican City from approaching visitors and framing the Square and Basilica at the head of a grand open space that would allow for easy vehicular access. [McClendon, pp. 38-39] [Baxa, P, "Piacentini's Window:: The Modernism of the Fascist Master Plan of Rome", Contemporary European History, Vol. 13, Issue 01, Feb 2004, pp 1-20]

Demolition of the spina of Borgo began with Mussolini's symbolic strike of the first building with a pickaxe on October 29, 1936, and continued for twelve months. Even at the time, the demolition proved controversial, with many Borgo residents displaced en masse to settlements ("borgate") outside of the city.Kirk, p. 9] Among the buildings dismantled, either totally or in part, and rebuilt in another position, were the Palazzo dei Convertendi, the house of Giacomo and Bartolomeo da Brescia, the Church of the Nunziatina, the palaces Rusticucci-Accoramboni, Cesi and degli Alicorni. Other buildings, like the palace of the Governatore del Borgo and the Church of S. Giacomo a Scossacavalli, were destroyed. Facing into the cleared area were five other historical buildings, the Palazzo Giraud-Torlonia, the church of Santa Maria in Traspontina, the Palazzo dei Penitenzieri, Palazzo Serristori, and Palazzo Cesi. [Kirk, p. 16]

However, the construction of the road was only a small feature in the reconstruction of Rome ordered by Mussolini, which ranged from the restoration of the Castel Sant'Angelo, the clearance of the Mausoleum of Augustus, to the vastly more complicated site of the Via dell'Impero through Rome's ancient imperial remains. His plan was to transform Rome into a monument to Italian fascism. [Agnew, J, "The impossible capital: Monumental Rome under liberal and fascist regimes, 1870-1943", Geografiska Annaler, Series B: Human Geography Vol. 80 No. 4, 229–240.]

"In five years, Rome must appear marvellous to all the peoples of the world; vast, orderly, powerful, as it was in the time of the first empire of Augustus." - Benito Mussolini [it "Scritti e discorsi di Benito Mussolini", vol. 5, Dal 1925 al 1926 (Milan: Hoepli, 1934), 243-45]

Via della Conciliazione today

Construction of the road continued long after Mussolini's death and the abolition of Italian Fascism. The final obelisk was installed in time for the Jubilee of 1950. Since its completion, the road has acted as the primary access point to St. Peter's Square, and by extension to the Vatican City itself. At times, such as during the funeral of Pope John Paul II, it has acted as an extension to the square itself, allowing a greater number of visitors to attend functions conducted there.

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