Juxtlahuaca

in Mesoamerica. [Stone (1997).]

The cave

The Juxtlahuaca site is located some 45 km southeast of state capital Chilpancingo in what is now a National Park. The entire cave system is slightly over 5 kilometres. The caves, also called Grutas de Juxtlahuaca ("Grottos of Juxtlahuaca"), are a favorite destination of spelunkers. The caves are open to the public, but a local guide is required.

The site's paintings have been estimated to be over a kilometre down a long cavern: descent times are roughly two hours and some passages are partially filled with water.

The paintings

The most well-known of the cave art is Painting 1, which features a large bearded man with a black cloak, a striped tunic, and an elaborate headpiece. The arms and legs are covered with jaguar fur, and a small jaguar tail is even visible dangling down. The man is brandishing a trident at a much smaller figure crouched to his side and is carrying a long snake or snakelike object. [Some have seen this as a rope that is tied to the smaller figure: flowstone may have obscured the object so that it is presently seen as a snake-like object and a belt around the smaller figure.] This 2 meter (6 foot) tall painting is one of the rare Olmec-style portrayals of human-on-human dominance, [The other two prominent displays of human-on-human domination are Chalcatzingo's Monument 2 and Altar 4 at La Venta.] which some researchers interpret as a scene of human sacrifice. [Coe (2005).]

Also of note in Juxtlahuaca is a painting of a red Feathered Serpent with green plumes, near a red jaguar whose large ears and eyes give it a youthful cast. A design that has provisionally been interpreted as a temple was found on a stalagmite. [Griffin, p.4.]

The cave paintings have been known since at least the 1920s, but were first professionally documented in the early 1960s by Gillett Griffin of Princeton University and Carlo T. E. Gay, an Italian businessman. Archaeologist Michael D. Coe has estimated that the paintings "might probably be Early Preclassic (1200-900 BC, uncalibrated)" in date. [Coe (2005).] Juxtalhuaca is, so far as is known, unassociated with any large town of that period. It is also not known how Olmec-influenced art came to be painted hundreds of kilometres (or miles) from the Olmec heartland. Caves are prominent on many Olmec-style monuments: several Olmec "altars" depict shamans or rulers emerging from caves, and monuments and reliefs at the archaeological site of Chalcatzingo, to the north of Juxtlahuaca, also feature cave motifs.

Other artifacts

A dozen skeletons have been found in the so-called Hall of the Dead, located midway between the entrance and the paintings. From their positions, some extended and some in a fetal position, and their condition, covered with a stalactite crust, the skeletons are assumed to be ancient burials. Some have been partially buried as a result of a cave-in. [Coe (1968), p. 99.]

Just before the paintings, an 250-foot (80 m) artificial canal has been cut into the red clay floor of the cave. The purpose of this canal is not known.

ee also

*Olmec influences on Mesoamerican cultures
*Teopantecuanitlan

Notes

References

*Coe, Michael D. (1968) "America's First Civilization", American Heritage Publishing, New York.
*Coe, Michael D. (2002); "Mexico: From the Olmecs to the Aztecs" London: Thames and Hudson.
*Coe, Michael D. (2005); " [http://antiquity.ac.uk/ProjGall/coe/index.html Image of an Olmec ruler at Juxtlahuaca, Mexico] ", "Antiquity" Vol 79 No 305, September 2005.
*Diehl, Richard A. (2004) "The Olmecs: America's First Civilization", Thames & Hudson, London.
*Griffin, Gillett G. (1978) " [http://www.mesoweb.com/pari/publications/RT04/Cresterias.pdf Cresterías of Palenque] ", Third Palenque Round Table, eds. Robertson, Merle Greene; Jeffers, Donnan Call.
*Grove, David C. (2000) "Caves of Guerrero (Guerrero, Mexico)", in "Archaeology of Ancient Mexico and Central America: an Encyclopedia", ed. Evans, Susan; Routledge.
*Lachniet, Matt; [http://www.unlv.edu/faculty/lachniet/speleothems_files/Juxtlahuaca.pdf Slide show on Juxtlahuaca cave] ; University of Nevada - Las Vegas, accessed February 2007.
*Stone, Andrea (1997) [http://www.caves.org/pub/journal/PDF/V59/V59N1-Stone.pdf "Regional Variation in Maya Cave Art"] , "Journal of Cave and Karst Studies", April 1997, p. 33-42.