Advertising research is a specialized form of marketing research conducted to improve the efficiency of . According to MarketConscious.com, “It may focus on a specific ad or campaign, or may be directed at a more general understanding of how advertising works or how consumers use the information in advertising. It can entail a variety of approaches, including psychological, sociological, economic, and other perspectives.” [ [http://www.marketconscious.com/dict.htm Marketing Dictionary ] ]
History
1879 - N.W. Ayer conducts custom research in an attempt to win the advertising business of Nichols-Shepard Co., a manufacturer of agricultural machinery.[Honomichl p.173] ]1895 - Harlow Gale of the University of Minnesota mails questionnaires to gather opinions about advertising from the public.1900s - George B. Waldron conducts qualitative research for Mahin’s Adverstising Agency [Honomichl pp.173-174]
1910s - 1911 can be considered the year marketing research becomes an industry. That year, J. George Frederick leaves his position as editor of "Printer’s Ink" to begin his research company, the Business Bourse with clients such as General Electric and the Texas Co. Also in 1911, Kellogg Co.’s ad manager, R.O. Eastman creates the Association of National Advertisers which is now known as the Association of National Advertising Managers. The group’s first project is a postcard questionnaire to determine magazine readership. The results introduce the concept of duplication of circulation. In 1916, R.O. Eastman starts his own company, the Eastman Research Bureau which boasts clients such as "Cosmopolitan, Christian Herald", and General Electric.[Honomichl p. 174] ]1920s - In 1922, Dr. Daniel Starch tests reader recognition levels of magazine and newspaper advertisements and editorial content. In 1923, Dr. George Gallup begins measuring advertising readership.1930s - In 1936, Dr. George Gallup validates his survey methodology by using the same tools polling voters during public elections. This allows him to successfully compare and validate his study's results against the election’s results.[Honomichl p.175] ]1940s - Post World War II, the U.S. sees a large increase in the number of market research companies.1950s - Market researchers focus on improving methods and measures. In their search for a single-number statistic to capture the overall performance of the advertising creative, (DAR) is created. [Young, p.6]
1960s - Qualitative focus groups gain in popularity. [ [http://www.groupsplus.com/pages/oxymoron.htm Internet Focus Groups: An Oxymoron - by Tom Greenbaum of Groups Plus, Inc </i></small>] </i>] <p>1970s - Computers emerge as business tools, allowing researchers to conduct large-scale data manipulations. (Honomichl p.175) Multiple studies prove DAR (Recall) scores do not predict sales. The measure, , also known as , is validated as a predictor of sales. [<i>Young, pp. 34-35</i>] The measure known as “breakthrough” is re-examined by researchers who make a distinction between the attention-getting power of the creative execution () and how well the ad is (). [<i>Young, April 2005, p. 5</i>] Herbert Krugman seeks to measure non-verbal measures biologically by tracking brain wave activities as respondents watch commercials. (Krugman) Others experiment with galvanic skin response, voice pitch analysis, and eye-tracking. [<i>Young, p.10</i>] <p>1980s - Researchers begin to view commercials as a “structured flow of experience” rather than a single unit to be rated on the whole, creating moment-by-moment systems such as the dial-a-meter. [<i>Young, p.24</i>] <p>1990s - <A HREF="5550050">Ameritest Research</a> creates to provide accurate non-verbal measurements in a moment-by-moment system. Picture Sorts results are graphed to visually represent commercial viewers' moment-by-moment image recognition (), positive and negative feelings (), and brand values (). [<i>Young, pp.21-26</i>] <p>2000s - <A HREF="5124607">Global advertisers</a> seek an integrated marketing research system that will work worldwide so they can compare results across countries. [<i>Young, April 2005, pp. 127-135</i>] For a look at trends predicted for advertising research in the 21st century, see .<p><strong>Types of Advertising Research</strong><p>Research can be conducted to <A HREF="5124607">optimize advertisements for any medium</a>: radio, television, print (magazine, newspaper or direct mail), outdoor billboard (highway, bus, or train), or Internet. Different methods would be applied to gather the necessary data appropriately.First, there are two types of research, customized and syndicated. Customized research is conducted for a specific client to address that client’s needs. Only that client has access to the results of the research. Syndicated research is a single research study conducted by a research company with its results available, for sale, to multiple companies. [<i> [<small><i>http://www.mra-net.org/resources/glossary_terms.cfm?ID=R Marketing Research Association - Research Resources For the Consumer : Glossary of Marketing Research Terms </i></small>] </i>] <p><strong>Pre-testing</strong><p>Pre-testing, also known as <A HREF="5370139">copy testing</a>, is a form of customized research that predicts in-market performance of an ad, before it airs, by analyzing audience levels of , , , entertainment, and communication, as well as breaking down the ad’s and . [<i>Young, p.213</i>] Pre-testing is also used on ads still in rough form – e.g., animatics or ripomatics.Pre-testing is also used to identify weak spots within an ad to improve performance, to more effectively edit 60’s to 30’s or 30’s to 15’s, to select images from the spot to use in an <A HREF="518713">integrated campaign’s</a> print ad, to pull out the key moments for use in <A HREF="5150776">ad tracking</a>, and to identify branding moments. [<i> [<small><i>http://www.ameritest.net/products/tv.php Ameritest: Our Products & Services: TV Testing </i></small>] </i>] <p><strong>Post-testing</strong><p>Post-testing/Ad tracking studies can be customized or syndicated. <A HREF="5150776">Tracking studies</a> provide either periodic or continuous in-market research monitoring a brand’s performance, including brand awareness, brand preference, product usage and attitudes. Advertising tracking can be done by telephone interviews or online interviews—with the two approaches producing fundamentally different measures of consumer memories of advertising, recall versus recognition.<p><strong>Terminology</strong><p>*<r>advertising</r><br>*<br>*<br>*<br>*<br>*<br>*<br>*<br>*<br>*<br>*<br>*<br>*<br>*<br>*<br>*<br>*<br>*<r>Shockvertising</r><br>*<br>*<p><strong>References</strong><p>*Honomichl, J. J., "Honomichl on Marketing Research", Lincolnwood, IL: NTC Business Books, 1986.<br>*Krugman, H., Memory Without Recall, Exposure Without Perception. "Journal of Advertising Research", July/August, 1977.<br>*Young, Charles E., "The Advertising Research Handbook", Ideas in Flight, Seattle, WA, April 2005, ISBN 0-9765574-0-1<p><strong>Notes</strong><p><strong>External links</strong><p>* [<small><i>http://www.aef.com/on_campus/classroom/educational_materials/1751 Advertising Educational Foundation</i></small>] , streamed video of Good-Bye Guesswork: How Research Guides Today's Advertisers<br>* [<small><i>http://adshowdown.com</i></small>] AdShowdown - online advertising market research
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<li><p><strong><a href="//en-academic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/5758159">Advertising Research Foundation</a></strong> — The Advertising Research Foundation (ARF) is a nonprofit industry association for creating, aggregating, synthesizing and sharing the knowledge in the fields of advertising and media. It was founded in 1936 by the Association of National… … <span class="src2">Wikipedia</span></p></li>
<li><p><strong><a href="//en-academic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/1439">Advertising</a></strong> — This article is about the form of communication. For other uses, see Advertiser (disambiguation). Advert redirects here. For the band featuring musician Gaye Advert, see The Adverts. For content guidelines on the use of advertising in Wikipedia… … <span class="src2">Wikipedia</span></p></li>
<li><p><strong><a href="//en-academic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/15666">Research</a></strong> — This article is about the search for knowledge. For the suburb of Melbourne, Australia, see Research, Victoria. For the Wikipedia policy, see Wikipedia:Original research. For information on using Wikipedia for research, see Wikipedia:Researching… … <span class="src2">Wikipedia</span></p></li>
<li><p><strong><a href="//en-academic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/2505600">Advertising media selection</a></strong> — is the process of choosing the most cost effective media for advertising, to achieve the required coverage and number of exposures in a target audience. Contents 1 Performance 1.1 Frequency 1.2 Spread … <span class="src2">Wikipedia</span></p></li>
<li><p><strong><a href="//contemp_british_cult.en-academic.com/8/advertising%2C_influence_of">advertising, influence of</a></strong> — Advertising is used for a variety of purposes: to attempt to persuade consumers to buy goods, change the image of a commodity or service, induce brand loyalty, encourage retailers to stock particular products, sell political ideas, or keep… … <span class="src2">Encyclopedia of contemporary British culture </span></p></li>
<li><p><strong><a href="//contemporary_chinese_culture.en-academic.com/14/advertising">advertising</a></strong> — in the broadest sense of making goods publicly known developed as early as commodity exchange took shape in human society. In China, as elsewhere, the earliest medium of advertising was oral and even musical. The Book of Odes recorded an entry in … <span class="src2">Encyclopedia of Contemporary Chinese Culture</span></p></li>
<li><p><strong><a href="//en-academic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/2191415">Advertising Adstock</a></strong> — is a term coined by Simon Broadbent [Broadbent, S. (1979) One Way TV Advertisements Work , Journal of the Market Research Society Vol. 23 no.3.] to describe the prolonged or lagged effect of advertising on consumer purchase behavior. It is also… … <span class="src2">Wikipedia</span></p></li>
<li><p><strong><a href="//business_finance.en-academic.com/24161/research">research</a></strong> — re‧search [rɪˈsɜːtʆ, ˈriːsɜːtʆ ǁ ɜːr ] noun [uncountable] 1. study of a subject to find out new things about it or to test new ideas, products etc: • A leading pharmaceutical company will finance the research. • What sets us apart from the rest… … <span class="src2">Financial and business terms</span></p></li>
<li><p><strong><a href="//fr-academic.com/dic.nsf/frwiki/1427699">Research In Motion Ltd.</a></strong> — Research In Motion Pour les articles homonymes, voir RIM. Logo de Research In Motion … <span class="src2">Wikipédia en Français</span></p></li>
<li><p><strong><a href="//fr-academic.com/dic.nsf/frwiki/1427709">Research in Motion</a></strong> — Pour les articles homonymes, voir RIM. Logo de Research In Motion … <span class="src2">Wikipédia en Français</span></p></li>
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