Albert Alexander

Reserve Constable Albert Alexander (c. 1873–15 March 1941), the first patient to be treated with penicillin.

Albert Alexander was a constable in the police force of the County of Oxford, England.cite web | url = http://ehistory.osu.edu/world/amit/display.cfm?amit_id=1336 | title = Constable Alexander’s Fight For Life | accessdate = 2007-02-13 | last = Roberts | first = Dan | date = 2003-09-30 | work = [http://amomentintime.com/ A Moment in Time] | publisher = Broadcast Partners, LLC] In December 1940, Constable Alexander was accidentally scratched by a rose thorn on his cheek. By the end of the month the scratch was badly infected with both "Staphylococcus" and "Streptococcus" and Constable Alexander was hospitalised in the Radcliffe Infirmary. Despite efforts of various treatments, Alexander's head was covered with abscesses and one of his eyes had been removed.cite web | url = http://www.sciencewatch.com/interviews/norman_heatly.htm | title = Making Penicillin Possible: Norman Heatley Remembers | accessdate = 2007-02-13 | year = 2007 | work = ScienceWatch | publisher = Thomson Scientific & Healthcare]

Ethyl Florey, wife of pharmacologist and medic Dr Howard Walter Florey, and Dr Charles Fletcher brought Constable Alexander's case to Florey's attention.

The ability of penicillin to slow/prevent bacterial infection had first been noticed by Sir Alexander Fleming in 1928. Florey, Ernst Boris Chain and Norman Heatley, at the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford were working on the medical applications of penicillin, as produced by the mould "Penicillium notatum", and attempting to isolate large enough quantities of penicillin from the mould for a human trial. [cite web | url = http://www.fungalresearchtrust.org/famous.html | title = Penicillium notatum and the antibiotic revolution | accessdate = 2007-02-13 | work = Famous Fungi | publisher = [http://www.fungalresearchtrust.org/frmain.html The Fungal Research Trust] ]

Having only tried the extracted penicillin on mice, Florey and colleagues were fearful of the side effects large doses of penicillin might have. As a human volunteer they needed a patient that was in a terminal condition and Constable Alexander suited this requirement.

On 12 February 1941, Constable Alexander was given an intravenous infusion of 200 mg of penicillin. Within 24 hours, Alexander's temperature had dropped, his appetite had returned and the infection had begun to heal. However, due to the instability of penicillin and the war time restrictions placed on Florey's laboratory, only a small quantity of penicillin had been extracted and although Florey and colleagues extracted any remaining penicillin from Alexander's urine by the fifth day they had run out.

Constable Alexander died on 15 March 1941.

Florey and his team decided only to work on sick children who did not need such large amounts of penicillin, until their methods of production improved. [cite web | url = http://www.science.org.au/primaryconnections/resourcesheets/microorganisms/rs7.pdf | title = Penicillin — the miracle mould | accessdate = 2007-02-13 | format = PDF | work = Marvellous micro-organisms | publisher = [http://www.science.org.au/primaryconnections/ Primary Connections] ]

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