Alipore Zoological Gardens

The Alipore Zoological Gardens (also informally called the Alipore Zoo, Calcutta Zoo or Kolkata Zoo) is India's oldest formally stated zoological park (as opposed to royal and British menageries) and a big tourist attraction in Kolkata, West Bengal. It is probably best known as the home of the now expired Aldabra Giant Tortoise Adwaita, which was reputed to have been over 250 years old when it died. It is also home to one of the few captive breeding projects involving the Manipur Brow-antlered Deer. The zoo has drawn a lot of criticism from the zoo community and conservationists in the past few decades, mainly for its cramped cages, as well as for its Panthera hybrid breeding program.

History

The zoo had its roots in a private menagerie established by Governor General of Bengal Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington established around 1800 in his summer home at Barrackpore near Kolkata, as part of the "Indian Natural History Project".Sally R. Walker; [http://www.shnh.org/MTG_past_LSS_abs_P-W.html The Indian Natural History Project (1801-1808) and the Menagerie at Barrackpore (1803-1878)] ;Lost, stolen or strayed: the fate of missing natural history collections; Naturalis Museum, Leiden, The Netherlands. 10-11 May 2001] [Sally R. Walker; [http://www.shnh.org/MTG_past_LSS_abs_P-W.html Descriptions and Drawings of Selected Quadrupeds of the Indian Natural History Project, Barrackpore] ;Lost, stolen or strayed: the fate of missing natural history collections; Naturalis Museum, Leiden, The Netherlands. 10-11 May 2001] However, Wellesley returned to England with his brother Richard Wellesley - then Governor General of India, and the animals were then looked after by the famous Scottish physician zoologist Francis Buchanan-Hamilton. The collection from this era are documented by watercolours by Charles D'Oyly, and a visit by the famous French botanist Victor Jacquemont.Gautaman Bhaskaran, [http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/01/14/stories/1314108j.htm Where past overshadows present] , The Hindu, January 14, 2001] Sir Stamford Raffles visited the menagerie in 1810, encountering his first tapir there, and doubtless used some aspects of the menagerie as an inspiration for the London Zoo.

The foundation of zoos in major cities around the world caused a growing thought among the British community in Kolkata that the menagerie should be upgraded to a formal zoological garden. Credence to such arguments was lent by an article in the now-defunct "Calcutta Journal of Natural History"'s July, 1841 issue. In 1873, the Lieutenant-Governor Sir Richard Temple formally proposed the formation of a zoo in Kolkata, and the Government finally allotted land for the zoo based on to the joint petition of the Asiatic Society and "Agri-Horticultural Society".

The zoo was formally opened in Alipore - a posh Kolkata suburb, and inaugurated on January 1, 1876 by Edward VII, then Prince of Wales. (Some reports place the inauguration on an alternate date of December 27, 1875). The initial stock consisted of the private menagerie of Carl Louis Schwendler (1838 – 1882), a German electrician who was posted in India for a feasibility study of electrically lighting Indian Railway stations. Gifts were also accepted from the general public. The initial collection consisted of the following animals:

African Buffalo, Zanzibar Ram, Domestic sheep, Four-horned sheep, Hybrid Kashmiri Goat, Indian Antelope, Indian Gazelle, Sambar Deer, Spotted Deer and Hog DeerIt is not clear whether the Aldabra Giant Tortoise Adwaita was among the opening stock of animals. The animals at Barrackpore Park were added to the collection over the first few months of 1886, significantly increasing its size. The zoo was thrown open to the public on May 6, 1876.D. K. Mittra, [http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&ct=res&cd=6&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.new.dli.ernet.in%2Finsa%2FINSA_1%2F20005b5a_279.pdf&ei=oWO-ReaGI42IgATZnIyRCA&usg=__vTTJFATaQBHN7bXtkGDu3j92SZs=&sig2=SPp5HQEcErnzgoeuZhPtTA Role of Ram Brahma Sanyal in initiating zoological researches on the animals in captivity] , Indian Journal of History of Science, 27(3), 1992]

It grew based on gifts from British and Indian nobility - like Raja Suryakanta Acharya of Mymensingh in whose honour the open air tiger enclosure is named the "Mymensingh Enclosure". Other contributors who donated part or all of their private menagerie to the Alipore Zoo included the Maharaja of Mysore Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV. [ [http://www.newspaperarchive.com/LandingPage.aspx?type=glpnews&search=%22calcutta%20zoo%22&
] , The Wellsboro Gazette, May 1, 1919]

The park was initially run by an honorary managing committee which included Schwendler and the famous botanist George King. The first Indian superintendent of the zoo was Ram Brahma Sanyal, who did much to improve the standing of the Alipore Zoo and achieved good captive breeding success in an era when such initiatives were rarely heard of. One such success story of the zoo was a live birth of the rare Sumatran Rhinoceros in 1889. The next pregnancy in captivity occurred at the Cincinnati Zoo in 1997, but ended with a miscarriage. [ [http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-67857073.html Rhino loses fetus] , Cincinnati Post, November 14, 1997] Cincinnati Zoo finally recorded a live birth in 2001. Alipore Zoo was a pioneer among zoos in the 19th century and the early part of the 20th century under Sanyal, who published the first handbook on captive animal keeping. [Walker, S.: Ram Brahma Sanyal – the first zoo biologist. Zoos' Print Vol. 15, No. 5 (1999), Back when . . . & then? section, p. 9.] [Kisling, V.N.: Zoo history and the Sanyal legacy. Zoos’ Print Vol. 14, No. 4 (1999), Back when . . . & then? section, p. 2] The zoo had an unusually high scientific standard for its time, and the record of the "Cladotaenia" genus (Cohn, 1901) of parasites are based upon cestodes (flatworm) found in an Australian bird that died at the zoo. [ [http://www.deh.gov.au/cgi-bin/abrs/fauna/details.pl?pstrVol=CESTODA;pstrTaxa=1061;pstrChecklistMode=1 Website] of the Government of Australia]

Disrepute

Pressed for space as Kolkata developed, and lacking adequate government funding, the zoo attracted a lot of controversy in the latter half of the 20th century due to cramped living conditions of the animals, lack of initiative at breeding rare species, and for cross-breeding experiments between species.

The zoo has attracted a lot of criticism over the years for keeping single and unpaired specimens of rare species like the Banteng, Great Indian One-horned Rhinoceros, Crowned Crane and the Lion-tailed Macaque. [ Somdatta Basu, [http://moreresults.factiva.com/results/index/index.aspx?ref=TOI0000020050809e18a0000c Endangered singles bug matchmakers] , Times of India, August 10, 2005] Lack of breeding and exchange programs has led to the elimination of individuals and populations of environmentally vulnerable species like the Southern Cassowary, wild Yak, Giant Eland, Slow Loris and Echidna.

The cramped, unsuitable and unhygienic conditions inside the cages, and in the zoo in general has been criticized for long. A polar bear was kept in the zoo (in the 1960s) in the tropical climate of Kolkata with merely an electric fan to cool it. [ [http://www.newspaperarchive.com/LandingPage.aspx?type=glpnews&search=alipore%20zoo&
] , Valley News, October 14, 1960 ] The death of a Great Indian One-horned Rhinoceros sparked off speculation about the veterinary efficiency at the zoo. [Madhumita Mookerji, [http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=9589 Of beasts, men and the Central Zoo Authority] , Daily News and Analysis, November 12, 2005 ] ZooCheck Canada found conditions in the zoo unsatisfactory in 2004. The zoo director "Subir Choudhury" has gone on record in 2006 saying:

We are aware that the animals and birds are not well in the cages and moats. Efforts are on minimizing their agony. [http://www.lankabusinessonline.com/fullstory.php?newsID=480109356&no_view=1&SEARCH_TERM=35 In Indian zoos, life can be brutal and short] , Lanka Business Online, June 5, 2006]

In 2007, noted chimpanzee researcher Jane Goodall was "appalled" by the condition of the chimpanzees in the zoo. [Poulomi Banerjee, [http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070120/asp/calcutta/story_7284707.asp Cooped up, nowhere to go] , The Telegraph, January 20, 2007]

Other criticism directed towards the zoo has been due to persistence of practices no longer associated with zoos, like offering elephant rides. The zoo has also been criticized for the quality of its animal - visitor interaction. Teasing of animals was a common occurrence at the zoo, [ Staff reporter, [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/cms.dll/html/uncomp/articleshow?msid=13219 Parched & pained: it’s a dog’s life at Alipore zoo] , Times of India, June 9, 2003 ] though corrective measures are underway. On January 1, 1996 the tiger Shiva mauled two visitors as they tried to garland it, killing one, [Richard Leiby, [http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/21807540.html?dids=21807540:21807540&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=JAN+07%2C+1996&author=Richard+Leiby&pub=The+Washington+Post&desc=GOOD+NEWS!+An+Experiment+in+Lightweight+Journalism%3A+Lions+and+Tigers+and+Beers+-+Oh+My!&pqatl=google Lions and tigers and beers] , Washington Post, January 7, 1996] [ [http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/Museum/3621/may99lf.html geocities] ] [ [http://www.bigcatrescue.org/big_cat_news.htm big cats] ] and earning him the [http://www.darwinawards.com/darwin/darwin1996-02.html runner-up] for the Darwin Awards. Another mauling leading to a death occurred in 2000, and in 2005 yet another visitor was found pulling the tail of a white tiger, but luckily was unharmed. [Staff reporter, [http://www.telegraphindia.com/1051106/asp/bengal/story_5443742.asp Prank on zoo tiger] , The Telegraph, November 5, 2005]

The zoo has also been criticized for its animal - keeper relations. A chimpanzee attacked and severely injured its keeper in Alipore Zoo, and numerous other incidents have been reported including the case of an elephant trampling its mahout to death in 1963 which had to be put down. [ [http://www.newspaperarchive.com/LandingPage.aspx?type=glpnews&search=alipore%20zoo&
] , "The Gleaner", Kingston, Jamaica, August 22, 1963 ] In 2001, it was revealed that zoo staff drugged the Great Indian One-horned Rhinoceros into relieving itself more often than normal, which enabled them to collect the urine and sell it on the black market as an anti-impotence medicine. [ [http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-79328769.html Horn of plenty] , Daily Mirror, October 22, 2001]

Besides such major controversies, the zoo has also attracted bad press for relatively minor offences like flouting of the ban on plastics. [ Jayanta Basu, [http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050205/asp/calcutta/story_4337541.asp Zoo rapped for flouting plastic ban] , The Telegraph, February 5, 2005]

Panthera hybrid program

The zoo attracted flak from the zoo community and the scientific community in general, because of cross breeding experiments between lions and tigers to produce strains like tigons, and "litigon"s (see Panthera hybrid). The zoo bred two tigons in the 1970s — Rudrani (b. 1971) and Ranjini (b.1973) were bred from the cross between a Royal Bengal Tiger and an African Lion. Rudrani went on to produce 7 offsprings by mating with an Asiatic Lion, producing "litigon"s. One of these litigons, named "Cubanacan" survived to adulthood, stood over convert|5.5|ft|m tall, measured over convert|11.5|ft|m and weighed over 800 pounds. It died in 1991 at the age of 15. It was marketed by the zoo as the world's largest living big cat. All such hybrid males were sterile. Quite a few of these creatures suffered from genetic abnormalities and many died prematurely. "Rangini", the last tigon in the zoo, died in 1999 as the oldest known tigon from hideous deformities. [Kathy Moran, [http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-60240392.html Dad's a lion, mum's a tiger] , Sunday Mirror, August 29, 1999] The zoo has stopped breeding hybrids after the 1985 legislation passed by the Government of India banning breeding of panthera hybrids after a vigorous campaign by the World Wide Fund for Nature (then World Wildlife Fund).

Attractions

The zoo remains one of the most popular winter tourist attractions in Kolkata, but revenue earned is low as gate costs are highly subsidized. The ticket prices at the gate increased from Rs 5 to Rs 10 in the winter of 2003 (a doubling from approx. 12 c to 25 c in the exchange rate of the time). The footfall figures in 2005 showed an annual visitation of almost 20 lakh (20,00,000) — more than any other tourist attraction in Kolkata, and a peak of over 25,000 on Christmas Day and New Year's Day. [ [http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030201/asp/calcutta/story_1625461.asp City Lights] , The Telegraph, Kolkata, February 1, 2003]

The zoo displays a large number of crowd-pulling megafauna, including the Royal Bengal Tiger, African Lion, Jaguar, Hippopotamus, Great Indian One-horned Rhinoceros, Reticulated Giraffe, Grant's Zebra, Emu, Dromedary Camel and Indian Elephant. Previously, other megafauna like the Panthera hybrids and the Giant Eland were present.

The zoo sported a large collection of attractive birds, including some threatened species up until the 1980s - large parrots including a number of Macaw species, Conures, lories and lorikeets; other large birds like Touracos and Hornbills; colourful game birds like the Golden Pheasant, Lady Amherst's Pheasant and Swinhoe's Pheasant and some large flightless birds like the Emu, Cassowary and Ostrich. However, lack of pairing and exchange programs have caused a significant decline in the populations, causing some of the populations to die out.

Layout

Laid out on 45 acres of land, the Calcutta zoo has been unable to expand or modify its layout for over 50 years, and thus has a rather backdated plan. It contains a "Reptile House" (a new one has been built), a "Primate House", an Elephant House, and a Panther House which opens out onto the open air enclosures for the lions and tigers. A separate Children's zoo is present, and the central water bodies inside the zoo grounds attracts migratory birds.

The Calcutta Aquarium lies across the street from the zoo, and is affiliated to the zoo.

Adwaita

The most famous specimen in the zoo was probably the Aldabra Giant Tortoise "Adwaita", gifted to the zoo in 1875 (brought by British seafarers to Lord Clive's menagerie from Seychelles), and reputedly over 250 years old when it died in 2006 — a contender for the longest lived animal. [ UNI, [http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/mar242006/national1734192006323.asp 255 year old giant tortoise Adwaita dead] , Deccan Herald, March 24, 2006 ]

Breeding programs

The zoo was among the first zoos in the world to breed white tigers and the common Reticulated Giraffe. While it has successfully bred some megafauna, its rate of breeding rare species has not been very successful, often due to lack of initiative and funding. One notable exception is the breeding programme of the "Manipur Brow-antlered Deer", or Thamin which has been brought back from the brink of extinction by the breeding program at the Alipore Zoo.

Reforms

The zoo is presently downsizing to meet animal comfort requirements laid down by the Central Zoo Authority of India (CZAI). [ Staff reporter, [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/929569.cms Fewer animals, more space in Alipore Zoo] , November 21, 2004] It has also increased the number of open air enclosures. [Q&A, [http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060102/asp/calcutta/story_5669485.asp Open enclosures in new wing] , The Telegraph, January 2, 2006 ] A move to a suburban location was also contemplated, but was not undertaken based on the recommendations of the CZAI, which claimed the Alipore site was of historical significance. The CZAI also cleared the zoo of malpractices in an evaluation performed in late 2005, [Jayanta Basu, [http://www.telegraphindia.com/1051118/asp/calcutta/story_5488671.asp Improved conditions in menagerie] , The Telegraph, November 15, 2005] even though the zoo has continued to attract bad press.

Ecological significance of the zoo grounds

The zoo is also on the flyway for several migratory birds like the Sarus Crane, and sports a sizable wetland inside the zoo grounds. Since the zoo is enveloped by urban settlements for miles, the zoo wetlands are the only resting spot for some of the birds and are a focus of conservationists in Kolkata. However, the number of migratory bird visiting the zoo dropped from documented highs by over 40% in the winter of 2004–2005. Experts attribute the causes of the decline to increased pollution, new construction of highrises in the area, increasing threats in the summer grounds of the birds [Staff reporter, [http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050109/asp/bengal/story_4231722.asp Bird headcount kicks off] , The Telegraph, January 9, 2005] and declining quality of the water bodies at the zoo. [Suchetana Haldar, [http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=163949 Where have all the birds gone?] , Kolkata Newsline, January 3, 2006 ]

ee also

* The [http://www.cza.nic.in/view_between_year.asp official list] of animals at the zoo, maintained by the Central Zoo Authority of India. [This serves as reference for all statements concerning single / unpaired animals, or animal deaths] The zoo does not have a website of its own.

References

Other references

#Misc, 125 years of Calcutta Zoo, The Managing Committee, Zoological Gardens, Alipore, Calcutta, 2000
#Mittra, D.K.; The history of Zoological Gardens, Calcutta; Zoos' Print Vol. 15, No. 5 (1999), Back when . . . & then? section, p. 3