Egon Bretscher

Egon Bretscher

Born near Zurich, Switzerland in 1901 and educated at the ETH there, Bretscher gained a PhD degree in organic chemistry at Edinburgh in 1926. He returned to Zurich as privat docent to Peter Debye, later moving in 1936 to work in Rutherford’s laboratory at the Cavendish in Cambridge as a Rockefeller Scholar. Here he switched to research in nuclear physics, proposing (with Norman Feather) in 1940 that the 239 isotope of element 94 could be produced from the common isotope of uranium-238 by neutron capture and that, like U-235, this should be able to sustain a nuclear chain reaction. A similar conclusion was independently arrived at by Edwin McMillan and Philip Abelson at Berkeley Radiation Laboratory. In addition, he devised theoretical chemical procedures for purifying this unknown element away from the parent uranium; this element was named Plutonium by Nicholas Kemmer. In 1944 he became a part of the British Mission to the Manhattan Project in Los Alamos, New Mexico led by James Chadwick, where he made the first measurements on the energy released in fusion processes.

In 1947 he was invited by John Cockcroft to head the Chemistry Division at the newly established Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell, Oxfordshire, England and in 1948 succeeded Otto Frisch as head of the Nuclear Physics Division there. Amongst his colleagues were Bruno Pontecorvo (in the Nuclear Physics Division) and Klaus Fuchs (head of the Theoretical Physics Division). He was awarded a CBE on retirement from Harwell and died in Switzerland in 1973.

He used to joke that his main contribution to physics occurred in the 1920s, when he was climbing with another student Felix Bloch in the Swiss Alps. Bloch slipped over an icy edge but was saved, as he fell, by the rope joining him to Bretscher. The latter's swift action in driving his ice axe into the ice prevented their combined demise. Bloch later won the Nobel Prize for physics for his discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance.


Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Нужна курсовая?

Look at other dictionaries:

  • Mark Bretscher — (born Cambridge, England, January 8, 1940) is a British biological scientist and Fellow of the Royal Society. He works at the Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, United Kingdom. He is currently studying how… …   Wikipedia

  • Atomic Energy Research Establishment — Das Atomic Energy Research Establishment (A.E.R.E. oder umgangssprachlich Harwell) in Harwell bei Didcot war von den 1940er bis in die 1990er Jahre das Hauptzentrum für Atomenergieforschung und entwicklung in Großbritannien. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1… …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Atomic Energy Research Establishment — The Atomic Energy Research Establishment (known as AERE or colloquially Harwell ) near Harwell, Oxfordshire was the main centre for atomic energy research and development in the United Kingdom from the 1940s to the 1990s.FoundingIn 1945 John… …   Wikipedia

  • Tube Alloys — was the code name for the British nuclear weapon directorate during World War II, when the very possibility of nuclear weapons was kept at such a high level of secrecy that it had to be referred to by code even in the highest circles of… …   Wikipedia

  • Norman Feather — FRS[1] FRSE PRSE (16 November 1904 Pecket Well, Yorkshire – 14 August 1978), was an English physicist. He was Professor of Natural Philosophy at the University of Edinburgh from 1945 to 1975, then Emeritus Professor. He was educated at… …   Wikipedia

  • Tube Alloys — était le nom de code pour le programme d arme nucléaire britannique pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, alors que la possibilité même d armes nucléaires était tenue à un tel niveau de secret qu on devait en parler sous un nom de code, même au… …   Wikipédia en Français

  • List of World War II topics (E) — # E. Frederic Morrow # E. Howard Hunt # E. Ion Pool # E. Lloyd Du Brul # E. R. Stephenson # E. S. Gosney # E. V. Loustalot # E. William Exshaw # Earffel Tower (Paris) # Earl E. Anderson # Earl G. Harrison # Earl Johnson (athlete) # Earl Johnson… …   Wikipedia

  • Cavendish Laboratory — The Cavendish Laboratory is the University of Cambridge s Department of Physics, and is part of the university s School of Physical Sciences. It was opened in 1874 as a teaching laboratory and was initially located on the New Museums Site, Free… …   Wikipedia

  • Bruno Pontecorvo — russian: Бруно Понтекорво (Marina di Pisa, Italy, August 22, 1913 Dubna, Russia, September 24, 1993) was an Italian born atomic physicist, an early assistant of Enrico Fermi and then the author of numerous studies in high energy physics,… …   Wikipedia

  • Plutonium — (pronEng|pluːˈtoʊniəm, symbol Pu, atomic number 94) is a rare radioactive, metallic chemical element. The most significant isotope of plutonium is 239Pu, with a half life of 24,100 years; this isotope is fissile and is used in most modern nuclear …   Wikipedia

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”