Section 98

Section 98 (s. 98) of the Criminal Code of Canada was a law enacted after the Winnipeg General Strike banning "unlawful associations." It was used in the 1930s against the Communist Party of Canada.

After the Winnipeg General Strike of 1919, Arthur Meighen, minister of justice in Robert Borden's government introduced an amendment to the Criminal Code of Canada that was passed by parliament, which read:

Any association...whose professed purpose...is to bring about any governmental, industrial or economic change within Canada by use of force, violence or physical injury to person or property, or by threats of such injury, or which teaches, advocates, advises or defends the use of force, violence, terrorism, or physical injury to person or property...in order to accomplish such change, or for any other such purpose..., or which shall by any means prosecute or pursue such purpose...or shall so teach, advocate, advise or defend, shall be an unlawful association. [cite book| last =Berger| first =Thomas| title =Fragile Freedoms: Human Rights and Dissent in Canada| publisher =Clarke, Irwin & Company| date =1981| location =Toronto| pages =132-133| id = ISBN 0-7720-1358-6 ]

The law was extremely broad and carried a penalty of up to 20 years in prison. It was used throughout the 1920s and early half of the 1930s to harass Communists, other left parties and organizations, and labour unions generally. [cite book| last =Berger| first =Thomas| title =Fragile Freedoms: Human Rights and Dissent in Canada| publisher =Clarke, Irwin & Company| date =1981| location =Toronto| pages =135| id = ISBN 0-7720-1358-6 ] The most famous use of Section 98 was in a crackdown designed to "strike a death blow at the Communist Party." [cite web| title =1931 Communist Party Trial| publisher = Socialist History Project| url =http://www.socialisthistory.ca/Docs/TrotOrigin/1931Trial/Trial%201.htm| accessdate = 2007-01-25 ] The Royal Canadian Mounted Police and the Ontario Provincial Police rounded up eight leaders of the Communist Party on 11 August 1931, who were subsequently convicted under the law and sentenced for up to five year prison terms. In the years after the conviction, public opinion turned in favour of the Communists and against the law, which was opposed by liberals and moderate leftists as well as far-left organizations like the Canadian Labor Defence League, a Communist legal defense committee. As a result of public opposition, the Communists were released early from jail and the law was repealed following the election of Mackenzie King in 1936. Section 98 was an important campaign for crystallizing an early civil rights movement within an otherwise fractured left-wing in Canada. [cite journal| last =Clément | first =Dominique | title ="'It is Not the Beliefs but the Crime that Matters': Post-War Civil Liberties Debates in Canada and Australia," | journal =Labour History | issue =86| date =May 2004 | url =http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/lab/86/clement.html
accessdate = 2007-01-26] Although the law was repealed, it served as the model for regulations under the War Measures Act to suppress aliens and dissenters during the Second World War and during the October Crisis of 1970. [cite book| last =Berger| first =Thomas| title =Fragile Freedoms: Human Rights and Dissent in Canada| publisher =Clarke, Irwin & Company| date =1981| location =Toronto| pages =135| id = ISBN 0-7720-1358-6 ]

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