- Sampling rate
- The sampling rate, sample rate, or sampling frequency defines the number of samples perAnalog signal and resulting sampled signal.
second (or per other unit) taken from acontinuous signal to make adiscrete signal . For time-domain signals, it can be measured inhertz (Hz). The inverse of the sampling frequency is the sampling period or sampling interval, which is the time between samples. [cite book | title = Communications Standard Dictionary | author = Martin H. Weik | publisher = Springer | year = 1996 | isbn = 0412083914 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=ND2c1uq53TIC&pg=PA866&ots=jyC7vyPLLQ&dq=%22sampling+rate%22+frequency+period&sig=40Pw5vlPE-hXuM4-Rh3lpONQ6g4 ]The concept of sampling frequency can only be applied to samplers in which samples are taken periodically. Some samplers may sample at a non-periodic rate.
The common notation for sampling frequency is which stands for frequency (subscript) sampled.
ampling theorem
The
Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem states that perfect reconstruction of a signal is possible when the sampling frequency is greater than twice the maximum frequency of the signal being sampled, [C. E. Shannon, "Communication in the presence of noise", Proc. Institute of Radio Engineers, vol. 37, no.1, pp. 10–21, Jan. 1949. [http://www.stanford.edu/class/ee104/shannonpaper.pdf Reprint as classic paper in: "Proc. IEEE", Vol. 86, No. 2, (Feb 1998)] ] or equivalently, that theNyquist frequency (half the sample rate) exceeds the highest frequency of the signal being sampled. If lower sampling rates are used, the original signal's information may not be completely recoverable from the sampled signal.For example, if a signal has an upper band limit of 100 Hz, a sampling frequency greater than 200 Hz will avoid
aliasing and allow theoretically perfect reconstruction.Oversampling
In some cases, it is desirable to have a sampling frequency considerably more than twice the desired system bandwidth so that a
digital filter can be used in exchange for a weaker analoganti-aliasing filter .This process is known asoversampling . [cite book | title = Signals, Sound, and Sensation | author = William Morris Hartmann | publisher = Springer | year = 1997 | isbn = 1563962837 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=3N72rIoTHiEC&pg=PA485&ots=GT7aaJK5vq&dq=over-sampling+digital-filter+audio&sig=0ZvXTWSZNb0E1Ugm0_qoF8z-Z7E ]Audio
In
digital audio , common sampling rates are:Video systems
In
digital video , the temporal sampling rate is defined the frame/field rate, rather than the notional pixel clock. The image sampling frequency is the repetition rate of the sensor integration period. Since the integration period may be significantly shorter than the time between repetitions, the sampling frequency can be different from the inverse of the sample time.
* 50 Hz -PAL video
* 60 / 1.001 Hz -NTSC videoWhen analog video is converted to
digital video , a different sampling process occurs, this time at the pixel frequency, corresponding to a spatial sampling rate alongscan line s. Some commonpixel sampling rates are:
*13.5 MHz -CCIR 601 ,D1 video Spatial sampling in the other direction is determined by the spacing of scan lines in theraster . The sampling rates and resolutions in both spatial directions can be measured in units of lines per picture height.Spatial
aliasing of high-frequency luma or chroma video components shows up as amoiré pattern .ee also
*
Continuous signal vs.Discrete signal
*MP3
*Digital control
*Sample and hold
*Sample (signal)
*Sampling (signal processing)
*Sample rate conversion
*Signal (information theory)
*Bit rate References
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