- Timeline of Chacoan history
A Timeline of Chacoan history includes
Chaco Culture National Historical Park ,Aztec Ruins National Monument ,Twin Angels Pueblo ,Casamero ,Kin Nizhoni ,Pierre's Site , and Halfway House.Paleo-Indian Period
;
11000 BC : First foragers?;
6000 BC -800 BC : Hunter-gatherers4th century CE5th century ;
490 : Basketmaker farming begins6th century ;
500 : Turquoise beads and pendants appear; offerings in great kivas (sites 29SJ423, Shabik' eshchee Village)7th century ;
600 -800 : La Plata Black-on-White ceramic;700 : Population of Chaco Canyon between 100-200 people Fagan, Brian M. (2005). "Chaco Canyon". Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195170431]8th century 9th century ;
800 -900 : Builders use piñon, juniper, and cottonwood trees that grew close by;
850 -925 : Large construction projects. (Plog);
875 -1040 : Red Mesa Black-on-White ceramics10th century ;
900 -1150 : Large buildings, mounds, roadways, great kivas, and tri-walled structures are built throughout theSan Juan Basin . [Kohler, Timothy A. Sebastian, Lynne. (July 1996). "Population aggregation in the prehistoric North American Southwest." "American Antiquity" v61.n3 : pp597(6). ];
900 -1125 : Construction ofPenasco Blanco ;
900 : Emergence of the ChacoAnasazi [ [http://sipapu.gsu.edu/Chacoworld.html The Chaco World Great House Database] ];
900 :Chetro Ketl pueblo begun;
900 -1025 :Chaco Wash in erosional cycle and cut a paleo-channel. Durand, Stephen R. (Jan 2004). "Relation of "Bonito" Paleo-channels and Base-level Variations to Anasazi Occupation, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico." "American Antiquity " 69.1: 191(1).];
925 -1130 : Stable environmental conditions favorable to dry farming throughout theColorado Plateau . Human populations also stable. Jorgensen, Joseph G. (Winter 2005). "Archaeological sociology in America's Southwest". "Journal of the Southwest " 47.4: 637(28).];
950 :Keet Seel , second largest cliff dwelling. is inhabited ;950 : Nonlocalponderosa is the dominant beam timber;spruce andfir increase11th century ;
960 -1020 : Unpredictable rainfall. Little building at Pueblo Bonito;
1000 : Chaco phenomenon.;
1000 -1075 :Great House construction, road expansion (Plog);
1000 -1140 :Escavada Black-on-White ceramics ;
1025 -1090 : Depositional period during which time the paleo-channel was filling. There is some historical, anecdotal evidence that the inhabitants of Chaco Canyon may have constructed a dam at the west end of the canyon.;
1030 :Chacoans seek trees at higher altitudes;
1040 -1050 : Building resumes at Old Bonito.Pueblo Bonito construction stage II;
1050 -1070 : Pueblo Bonito becomes more complex. Pueblo Bonito construction stage III;
1050 : Imports of copper bells,Macaw s, and shells (origin unknown);
1054 : ~July 4 - Cliff painting near Penasco Blanco consisting of three symbols: a large star, a crescent moon, and a handprint, may portray the sighting ofSN 1054 , the Crab Nebulasupernova . [http://www.astronomy.pomona.edu/archeo/outside/chaco/nebula.html];
1064 ,1066 :Sunset Crater volcanic eruptions; volcanic debris blankets Jemez Mountains and Bandelier area.;
1080 -1100 : Great North Road construction. (Lekson 1999);
1080 :Salmon Ruin established. (Lekson 1999);
1080 : Construction ofPueblo Alto begins.;
1090 : Drought12th century ;
1075 -1123 :Pueblo Bonito constructed at Chaco.;?: Five astronomical observatories are built
;
1100 : Peak of Chaco culture.;
1100 -1104 : Tree felling at Pueblo del Arroyo;
1106 -1125 :Aztec Ruins built.;
1130 : Pueblo Bonito is four stories tall and contains 800 rooms [Neitzel, 2003];
1130 -1180 : Fifty-year drought in the Southwest. Rain and snow cease to fall. Alluvial groundwater declines, floodplain erosion occurs. Dry-farming zone reduced, crop production potential decreased. Severe arroyo cutting and depression of alluvial groundwater. Severe environmental stress.;
1140 –1150 : Collapse of the Ancestral Puebloan culture at Chaco Canyon.;
1150 : Great Houses empty;
1180 :Sunset Crater erupts for the second time.13th century 14th century 15th century 16th century ;
1539 :Marcos de Niza erroneously describes the pueblo of Háwikuh as the Seven Cities of Gold.17th century ;
1680 -1692 : ThePueblo Revolt of the Pueblo people against Spanish colonists in the New Spain province.;
1774 : Don Bernardo de Miera y Pacheco identifies the Chaco Canyon area as "Chaca" on a map. The term, a Spanish translation of a Navajo word, is thought to be the origin for "Chacra Mesa" and "Chaco".18th century 19th century ;
1844 :Josiah Gregg refers to the Chaco pueblos in his book "Commerce of the Prairies", making its first appearance in popular culture.;
1849 : Lt.James H. Simpson leads the Washington Expedition, a military reconnaissance team which surveys Navajo lands and records cultural sites in Chaco Canyon. Illustrations created by the Kern brothers are included in a government report.;
1877 : Artist and photographerWilliam Henry Jackson participates in theHayden Survey of theWestern United States , producing maps of Chaco Canyon, but no photographs due to technical problems.;
1888 :Richard Wetherill andCharlie Mason find theCliff Palace ,Spruce Tree House andSquare Tower House . : Chaco Canyon is surveyed and photographed by Victor and Cosmos Mindeleff of theBureau of American Ethnology ;
1896 :Richard Wetherill begins excavating Chaco Canyon;
1896 -1899 : George H. Pepper from theAmerican Museum of Natural History leads theHyde Exploring Expedition in excavatingPueblo Bonito 20th century ;
1901 : General Land Office special agent S. J. Holsinger recommends creating a national park to preserve archaeological sites in Chaco Canyon;
1907 : Chaco Canyon National Monument is established.;
1928 -1929 : American astronomer and University of Arizona professorA. E. Douglass participates in a National Geographic Society research project exploring Chaco Canyon. Using his newly invented technique ofdendrochronology , Douglass dates Chetro Ketl and dozens of Chacoan sites: Expedition under
Neil Merton Judd to collect dendrochronological specimens to date habitation of Chaco Canyon;
1937 : ACivilian Conservation Corps of Navajostonemason s repairs Chacoan buildings in Chaco Canyon. A previous group built soil conservation devices, planted trees, and improved roads and trails.;
1941 : Heavy rains cause Threatening Rock to fall, destroying ~60 rooms atPueblo Bonito .;
1960 : Floors excavated at Una Vida;
1971 -1982 : The Chaco Project, conducted by theNational Park Service and theUniversity of New Mexico , surveys and excavates Chaco Canyon;
1976 -1978 : Fourteen rooms at Pueblo Alto excavated by the Chaco Project;
1980 : Chaco Canyon National Monument is re-named Chaco Culture National Historical Park with 13,000 acres (53 km²) added. The Chaco Culture Archaeological Protection Site program is created to protect Chacoan sites.;
1982 :NASA 's Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS) detects over 200 miles of a prehistoric (AD 900 or 1000) road system in Chaco Canyon, as well as walls, buildings, and agricultural fields.;
1983 : Dean and Warren estimate 200,000 trees were used to build great houses.;
1987 : Chaco Culture National Historical Park is designated aUNESCO World Heritage Site .;
2001 : Two-thirds of large roof timbers traced to Chuska Mountains and one-third to San Mateo Mountains. [Diamond, 2001]References
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