Tele-snaps

Tele-snaps (often truncated as Telesnaps) are off-screen photographs of British television broadcasts, taken by John Cura before the advent of home video recording. For many early programmes tele-snaps are the only surviving record of their appearance. From 1947 until 1968, Cura operated a business selling the 250,000-plus tele-snaps he took. The photographs were snapped in half of a normal frame of 35mm film, at an exposure of 1/25th of a second. Generally around 70-80 tele-snaps were taken of each programme. They were mostly purchased by actors and directors to use as records and examples of their work before the advent of videocassette recorders. From the 1990s onwards, tele-snaps have often been used by groups of fans to recreate lost "Doctor Who" episodes, creating "reconstructions" by marrying the images to fan-recorded off-air soundtracks of the episodes.

History

John Cura (born Alberto Giovanni Cura, 9 April 1902, Clapham, South London, England) operated his tele-snap business for twenty-one years from 1947 to 1968. From a young age, Cura had been interested in electronics and photography, developing a reputation among his family as a “Heath Robinson inventor”.Lewisohn, "John Cura: Snapshots of History"] In June 1946, the BBC resumed its television service following the hiatus imposed by the Second World War. Cura, recently demobbed from the RAF, combined his twin passions of photography and electronics and began to experiment with developing a camera that could take pictures from a television screen. He eventually came up with a mechanism that took tiny (24 X 18 mm), but very detailed, images at a speed of 1/25th of a second.

Once satisfied with his process, Cura wrote to the BBC on 11 September 1947 enclosing samples of his work and requesting permission to exploit the images commercially. Cura's request caused considerable consternation in the BBC's legal department who were concerned about copyright. Ultimately, the BBC concluded that a television image was not covered by existing copyright law and replied to Cura giving him permission to proceed but to “only photograph the television image of individual artists who have instructed you to do so prior to their television appearance, and that you do not give or sell the photographs to anyone other than the artist in question”. [Bignell, "John Cura – Photographer of the Lost Archive", p. 12.] Cura often ignored this restriction, however, frequently sending tele-snaps to artists on spec in the hope of attracting business from them. Many of his clients were BBC programme makers who found his photographs useful records of their work.

In 1951, Cura came once again to the attention of the BBC's lawyers when he requested that he be allowed to photograph entire BBC productions, writing that his service “enables you to have a permanent pictorial record for valuable reference in years to come, of series which have a brief life of an hour or so and are then lost forever”. [Bignell, "John Cura – Photographer of the Lost Archive", p. 13.] The BBC had also been contacted by several newspapers at this time, looking for permission to use Cura's tele-snaps – especially after it transpired that Cura had taken the only image of Oxford's boat sinking during that year's Boat Race between Oxford and Cambridge. The BBC made petitions to the Houses of Parliament to have the Copyright Acts overhauled to give them legal certainty regarding the issue. Although a revised Copyright Bill was enacted in 1956, it did little to curtail Cura's activities.

Cura's business was at its peak in the mid-fifties, his business having doubled overnight following the launch of ITV in 1955. A second television set was purchased and a second camera constructed to enable Cura to photograph both channels. Cura also enjoyed success with two best-selling books on improving television reception and correcting picture faults, which were illustrated with his tele-snaps. He also appeared on the BBC's television panel game show "What's My Line?". Celebrity clients of the tele-snaps service included Benny Hill and the Beverley Sisters. By 1959, Cura claimed to have taken over 250,000 tele-snaps and that sets of his tele-snaps had been “presented to and graciously accepted by the Royal Family; Their Majesties the King of Denmark; the late King of Norway; Queen Juliana of the Netherlands; Ex-president Auriol of France; Earl Atlee; Sir Winston Churchill; Mr Charles Chaplin; Mrs Eleanor Roosevelt” [Bignell, "John Cura – Photographer of the Lost Archive", p. 14.] as well as a wide range of newspapers and periodicals. However, when Cura raised the prices for his service in 1964, the BBC ordered a review of the tele-snap service, which at this stage was costing them £1,300 per annum, and, with many programmes now routinely recorded on film or video, the business began to decline.

John Cura continued to take tele-snaps right up within a few months of his death, from colon cancer, on 21 April 1969. His widow offered her late husband's collection of tele-snaps to the BBC but was turned down. It is believed that they were subsequently destroyed. [“Emily [Cura's widow] told us that when John died she got in touch with the BBC and said, “I've got a garage full of photos, do you want them?” and an executive said, “We're moving forward, Mrs Cura, not backwards.” Emily told us she was so upset that she destroyed the lot.” - Teddie Beverley, quoted in Lewisohn, "John Cura: Snapshots of History".] However, many copies of tele-snaps survive on broadcasters' production files and in the private collections of many of the artists and technicians whose work Cura photographed.

Cultural significance

In the early days of television, the means of making recordings of television programmes were limited and programmes were, in the main, transmitted live. This began to change as techniques for recording programmes onto film (telerecording) and, later, videotape were developed in the nineteen-fifties. [cite web
url = http://lost-british-television.blogspot.com/2007/01/above-image-is-historic.html
title = The First TV Recordings
accessdate = 2007-03-22
last = Henderson
first = Andy
date = 2007-01-20
work = Lost British Television ] Even after the technology for recording programmes had become the norm, it was a common practice, due to a combination of the costs of storage and restrictions on broadcasting repeats, for UK broadcasters to wipe programmes after transmission. [ cite book
last = Fiddy
first = Dick
title = Missing Believed Wiped. Searching for the lost treasures of British Television
year = 2001
publisher = British Film Institute
location = London
id = ISBN 0-85170-866-8
pages = p5-10
chapter = Background ] As a result, John Cura's tele-snaps are often the only surviving record of many lost programmes from the early years of television.

Tele-snaps have been used to reconstruct lost television shows by marrying up the tele-snaps with audio recordings of missing shows to create a slide-show backed by the programme's soundtrack. Most notably, this technique has been employed, on an amateur, not-for-profit basis, by some enthusiasts of the British science fiction series "Doctor Who", which has over one hundred missing episodes. [cite journal
last = Robinson
first = Bruce
coauthors = Franks, Robert (Eds.)
date = 10 May 1998
title = History of the Reconstructions Part I
journal = The Disused Yeti
issue = 12
url = http://archive.whoniversity.co.uk/dy/is12.htm#12.1
accessdate = 2007-03-20 ] [cite journal
last = Robinson
first = Bruce
coauthors = Franks, Robert (Eds.)
date = 11 July 1998
title = History of the Reconstructions Part II
journal = The Disused Yeti
issue = 13
url = http://archive.whoniversity.co.uk/dy/is13.htm#13.1
accessdate = 2007-03-20 ] Some professional reconstructions using tele-snaps have also been created including:
* A brief (fifteen minutes) reconstruction of episodes two and three of the "Doctor Who" serial “The Ice Warriors” for its VHS videotape release in 1998. [cite web
url = http://www.purpleville.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/rtwebsite/ice.htm
title = The Ice Warriors
accessdate = 2007-03-18
last = Roberts
first = Steve
date = 1998-08-07
work = Doctor Who Restoration Team ]
* A full reconstruction of the final episode of the "Doctor Who" serial “The Tenth Planet” for its VHS videotape release in 2000. [cite web
url = http://www.purpleville.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/rtwebsite/cybermen.htm
title = 'The Cybermen' Boxset
accessdate = 2007-03-18
last = Roberts
first = Steve
coauthors = Montagu, Ralph
year = 2000
month = November
work = Doctor Who Restoration Team ]
* A condensed (30 minutes) reconstruction of the seven part "Doctor Who" serial “Marco Polo” for the DVD release, “The Beginning”, in 2006. [cite web
url = http://www.purpleville.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/rtwebsite/beginningdvd.htm
title = The Beginning – DVD Boxset
accessdate = 2007-03-18
last = Roberts
first = Steve
coauthors = Ayres, Mark
date = 2005-11-15
work = Doctor Who Restoration Team ]
* A full reconstruction of the "Doctor Who" serial “The Power of the Daleks” for the MP3 CD release of that story in 2005. [cite web
url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/news/cult/news/drwho/2005/06/08/19855.shtml
title = Doctor Who: News: Power of the Daleks
accessdate = 2007-03-18
date = 2005-06-08
work = BBC – Official Doctor Who site ]
* A condensed reconstruction of the missing episodes of the 1961 science fiction serial "A for Andromeda" for its DVD release in 2006. Since no soundtrack for the missing episodes of this serial exists, this reconstruction is backed by music used in the serial with on-screen captions employed to narrate the story. [cite web
url = http://www.dvdtimes.co.uk/content.php?contentid=62660
title = The Andromeda Anthology - Review
accessdate = 2007-03-18
last = Couzens
first = Gary
date = 2006-09-02
work = DVD Times ]

Notes

References

*cite journal
last = Bignell
first = Richard
coauthors = with Mark Lewisohn
year = 2005
month = June
title = John Cura – Photographer of the Lost Archive
journal = Nothing at the End of the Lane. The Magazine of Doctor Who Research and Restoration
issue = 2
pages = p. 11–20
* cite web
url = http://www.the-mausoleum-club.org.uk/Cura/Cura.htm
title = John Cura: Snapshots of History
accessdate = 2007-03-06
last = Lewisohn
first = Mark
work = The Mausoleum Club

External links

* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/classic/photonovels/ Photonovels of lost "Doctor Who" episodes using tele-snaps] at the [http://www.bbc.co.uk BBC]