Jin Midi

Jin Midi or Kim Iljae (134 BC-86 BC) (Traditional Chinese: 金日磾/Hangul: 김일제/Revised Romanization: Kim Iljae), courtesy name Wengshu (翁叔), formally Marquess Jing of Du (秺敬侯), was a prominent official of the Chinese dynasty Han Dynasty of Xiongnu ethnicity. He served as coregent early in the reign of Emperor Zhao of Han, and his descendants would later migrate to the neighboring kingdom of Shilla (modern-day Korea), where they would establish the Gyeongju Kim clan, and rule for much of its near-1000 year existence.

Background

Jin Midi was born in 134 BC -- and he, at that time, did not have the surname of Jin, which was given later. He was the heir apparent to Xiongnu's Prince of Xiutu, one of the major princes under the supreme ruler of the Xiongnu, the "Chanyu" Luanti Junchen (欒提軍臣). After Luanti Junchen's death in 126 BC, his brother Luanti Yizhiye (欒提伊稚斜) succeeded him. During this time, the Prince of Xiutu and another major prince, the Prince of Hunye, were responsible for defending Xiongnu's southwestern border with Han Dynasty -- modern central and western Gansu.

In 121 BC, Emperor Wu of Han sent his general Huo Qubing to attack Xiongnu, dealing a great defeat on the Xiongnu. In the campaign, Huo killed the Princes of Zhelan and Luhou, as well as 8,900 Xiongnu soldiers, while capturing the Prince of Hunye's son, chief assistant, and a number of officials, as well as golden statues that the Prince of Xiutu had forged to use to worship heaven. The "Chanyu" Luanti Yizhiye was greatly displeased, and was considering summoning the Princes of Hunye and Xiutu to execute them. The princes, in fear, plotted to defect to Han. When Emperor Wu sent Huo to accept their surrender, the Prince of Xiutu changed his mind and tried to back out of defecting. The Prince of Hunye killed him and surrendered to Han, along with the region that he controlled.

Because the Prince of Xiutu was killed, Midi, as well as his mother the princess, as well as his brother Lun (倫), were confiscated to serve as imperial servants. Midi was assigned to the imperial stables.

During Emperor Wu's reign

On a later occasion, during an imperial feast, Emperor Wu ordered that horses be brought to him for him to examine. Midi, and a large number of fellow stable attendants, brought the horses, and as a number of Emperor Wu's beautiful concubines were in attendance, the attendants were struck by their beauty and were looking at them, but Midi did not dare to. Emperor Wu saw Midi and was impressed by his propriety, tall stature, and how healthy and strong the horses under Midi's care were. That same day, he awarded Midi robes and made him the director of the imperial stables, and thereafter became increasingly close to Midi. As he remembered that the Prince of Xiutu had used golden statues to worship heaven, Emperor Wu gave Midi the surname Jin, meaning "gold." When Jin Midi's mother died, Emperor Wu had her portrait drawn and displayed at his later favorite palace, Ganquan Palace (甘泉宮), entitling the portrait, "The Princess of Xiutu" (i.e., not regarding her as a servant any more, but by her former status as princess). Two of Jin Midi's sons became close attendants to Emperor Wu and were favored by Emperor Wu. After one of the sons was grown, on one occasion, he was flirting with Emperor Wu's ladies in waiting when Jin Midi saw them. Jin Midi, in anger that his son's behavior was inappropriate, killed him, and then reported to Emperor Wu. Emperor Wu was greatly saddened but became even more impressed with Jin Midi.

In 88 BC, the imperial official Ma Heluo (馬何羅) was anxious over the fact that the clan of his friend Jiang Chong (江充) had been slaughtered by Emperor Wu. (Jiang had falsely accused Emperor Wu's crown prince Liu Ju of treason in 91 BC, causing Liu Ju to rise in rebellion in fear, killing Jiang. Liu Ju was killed, but in the aftermaths, Emperor Wu, discovering that Jiang's accusations were false, had Jiang's clan slaughtered.) He thus conspired with his brothers to assassinate Emperor Wu. The assassination attempt was thwarted by Jin, as when he saw Ma about to enter Emperor Wu's bedchambers with a knife, he grabbed and held Ma until other imperial guards could bind Ma.

In 87 BC, Emperor Wu was seriously ill, and he created his youngest son Liu Fuling crown prince. He summoned his close associates to his bedchambers to designate one of them, Huo Qubing's younger brother Huo Guang, as regent. Huo initially declined, arguing that Jin was more capable, but Jin pointed out that he was ethnically Xiongnu and that the other officials and the Xiongnu might think of him lightly. Emperor Wu thus designated Huo as the primary regent, but also designated Jin and Shangguan Jie (上官桀) secondary regents. He soon died, and Liu Fuling took the throne as Emperor Zhao. (In his will, Emperor Wu, citing the suppression of Ma's plot, created Jin, as well as Huo and Shangguan, marquesses, but Jin, citing Emperor Zhao's young age, declined.)

During Emperor Zhao's reign

In fall 86 BC, Jin Midi became seriously ill. Huo Guang, after discussing with Emperor Zhao, had Emperor Zhao approve a creation of Jin as the Marquess of Du on his bed. Jin died the next day and was buried near Emperor Wu's tomb.

Korean progeny

Various sources cite Kim Alji, a direct descendant of Kim Iljae, as the progenitor of the Gyeongju Kim clan, during the time of Shilla.

After the death of Jin Midi, his descendants' power in the Han court became increasingly influential. Rival court officials began to target the Jin family by using the family's Xiongnu origins against it. A major power struggle began and lasted until Wang Mang's death. The Jin family married into Wang Mang's family, and a daughter of the Jin family became one of Wang Mang's favorite wives. Through this connection with Wang Mang and his Xin Dynasty, the Jin family became ever more powerful. After the overthrow of Wang Mang and the Xin Dynasty by Liu Xiu (Emperor Guangwu of Han) in 25, the Jin family fled China as a result of the change of dynasties. The Jin (pronounced Kim in Korean) family fled to the Korean Peninsula, where the descendants of Gojoseon lived.

Gojoseon and the Xiongnu people were of the same Ural-Altaic language root and people, and therefore, they were able to enter Goguryeo and migrate down to Silla. Finding refuge in Gyeongju, the capital of Shilla, the Kim family would eventually rise to prominence within the Shillan royal court.

According to legend, in the year 65 CE, an infant Kim Alji was discovered in Sirim and adopted by King Talhae of Silla. The legend is interpreted as King Talhae accepting Kim Alji into his court, after his family's flight from China. Records show Kim Alji's influence rose to great heights in the royal court, and with Talhae's passing was offered the throne. Although Alji declined, six generations later in the year 262, his direct descendant would be crowned as the 13th King, Michu of Silla. He would be the first of the Kim family, in the shift of power away from the Bak and Seok clans, to become the fully designated ruler of the kingdom, where the power would remain for much of the kingdom's near-thousand year existence.

Sources

* "Book of Han", vol. 68.
* "Zizhi Tongjian", vols. 19, 20, 21, 22, 23.
* "Han Ji", vols. 13, 15, 16 [http://ef.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw/ccw/02/whr.htm] .
*http://www.yangco.net/new0822/?doc=bbs/gnuboard.php&bo_table=koreaSa&page=11&wr_id=55
*http://daedongc.co.kr/read.php3?no=217&section=11

ee also

* Xiongnu
* Huo Guang
* Emperor Zhao of Han
* Silla
* Gaya Confederacy
*Gyeongju Kim
*Kim Alji
*Munmu of Silla