Bodélé Depression

The Bodélé Depression (also Bodele), located at the southern edge of the Sahara Desert in north central Africa, is the lowest point in Chad," [http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/natural_hazards_v2.php3?img_id=13964 Dust Storm in the Bodélé Depression, Chad] ". "Natural Hazards", Earth Observatory, NASA. URL accessed 2006-12-29.] and one of the largest sources of airborne dust in the world." [http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/shownh.php3?img_id=11952 Dust Storms from Africa's Bodélé Depression] ". "Natural Hazards", Earth Observatory, NASA. URL accessed 2006-12-29.] Once serving as part of the floor of a much larger Lake Chad," [http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/natural_hazards_v2.php3?img_id=11944 Dust Storms from Africa's Bodélé Depression] ". "Natural Hazards", Earth Observatory, NASA. URL accessed 2006-12-29.] the Bodélé Depression now provides dust for many of Central Africa's dust storms, and was the source of the massive dust storms that swept over West Africa and the Cape Verde Islands in February 2004." [http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/shownh.php3?img_id=12020 Dust in the Bodélé Depression] ". "Natural Hazards", Earth Observatory, NASA. URL accessed 2006-12-29.] As the wind sweeps between the Tibesti and the Ennedi Mountains in Northern Chad, it is channeled across the depression. The dry bowl that forms the depression is marked by a series of ephemeral lakes, many of which were last filled during wetter periods of the Holocene.

Diatoms from these fresh water lakes, once part of Mega-Lake Chad, now make up the hard surface of the depression and are the source material for the dust. " [Washington R, et al. Dust and the Low Level Circulation over the Bodélé Depression, Chad: Observations from BoDEx 2005, J. Geophys. Res.Atmospheres Vol. 111, No. D3, D03201.]

As the Sahara dried out over the last few thousand years, Mega-Lake Chad receded to the current position of Lake Chad in the south-west corner of Chad. In the mid-1960s, Lake Chad was about the size of Lake Erie. But persistent drought conditions associated with the great Sahel drought coupled with increased demand for fresh water for irrigation have reduced Lake Chad to about 5 percent of its former size. As the waters receded, the silts and sediments resting on the lakebed were left to dry in the scorching African sun. The small grains of the diatomite are swept up by the strong wind gusts that occasionally blow over the region. Once heaved aloft, the Bodélé dust can be carried for hundreds or even thousands of kilometers. In winter, the depression produces an average of 700,000 tonnes of dust each day. [Fisher, Richard. " [http://environment.newscientist.com/article/dn10880-amazon-forest-relies-on-dust-from-one-saharan-valley.html Amazon forest relies on dust from one Saharan valley] ". "NewScientist Environment" online. 3 Jan 2007. URL accessed 2007-01-04.]

Research published in the 25 March 2004 edition of "Geophysical Research Letters", which used images taken by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), aboard NASA's Terra and Aqua satellites, indicated that storms move across the Bodélé Depression at about 47 km/h (29 mi/h)—two times faster than previously believed. The research also found that winds have to whip across the region at a minimum of 36 km/h (22 mi/h), to kick up a dust storm. [cite journal
last =Koren
first =Ilan
authorlink =
coauthors = Yoram J. Kaufman
title = Direct wind measurements of Saharan dust events from Terra and Aqua satellites (abstract)
journal =Geophysical Research Letters
volume =
issue =
publisher = American Geophysical Union
date = 2004
url = http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2004/2003GL019338.shtml
accessdate = 2007-01-01 ] The pattern of air flow is so common that the winds have scoured a straight path in the ground, marking its southwesterly flow.

Complementary research published in Geophysical Research Letters by the University of Oxford has shown that these strong winds are part of feature now called the Bodele Low Level Jet. In the Reanalysis data sets such as ERA-40 the wind shows up as a clear wind speed maximum at about 900 hPa (or roughly 1 km above the surface) near 18 N and 19 E. This jet maximum coincides with the exit gap of the North-easterlies between the Tibesti mountains and the Ennedi massif which lie 2600 m and 1000 m above the flat terrain in the Djourab Desert of Chad respectively. The effect of the Tibesti massif is clearly evident in creating a split in the low-level easterly flow north and south of these mountains. While the jet feature is pronounced over the Bodele, it is absent from other longitudes over west Africa along 18 N. It is therefore a feature which uniquely overlies the greater Bodele region, downwind of the mountains of Chad. " [Washington R, and Todd, M.C.Atmospheric Controls on Mineral Dust Emission from the Bodélé Depression, Chad: The role of the Low Level Jet, Geophysical Research Letters 32 (17): Art. No. L17701, 2005.]

The Bodele Low Level Jet undergoes a marked seasonal cycle. It is active in the October–March period and relatively inactive from June–August. This timing closely matches the seasonality of dust emission from the Bodele. Individual dust storms in the Bodele were also shown in this research to coincide with a major strengthening of the Bodele Low Level Jet which, in turn, is associated with the ridging of the Libyan High, a feature of the subtropical High Pressure belt." [Washington R, and Todd, M.C.Atmospheric Controls on Mineral Dust Emission from the Bodélé Depression, Chad: The role of the Low Level Jet, Geophysical Research Letters 32 (17): Art. No. L17701, 2005.] " [Washington R, et al. Dust and the Low Level Circulation over the Bodélé Depression, Chad: Observations from BoDEx 2005, J. Geophys. Res.Atmospheres Vol. 111, No. D3, D03201.]

The same researchers who in 2004 more accurately determined the speed of wind through the depression also published in 2006 work showing that more than half of the dust needed for fertilizing the Amazon Rainforest is provided by the Bodélé depression." [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-12/acft-dtg122806.php Dust to gust] ". "EurekAlert!". AAAS. 28 Dec 2006. URL accessed 2006-12-29.] [cite journal
last =Koren
first =Ilan
authorlink =
coauthors = "et al"
title = The Bodélé depression: a single spot in the Sahara that provides most of the mineral dust to the Amazon forest (abstract)
journal= Environmental Research Letters
volume =1
issue =1
publisher=Institute of Physics and IOP Publishing Limited
date = 2006
url = http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/1748-9326/1/1/014005
accessdate = 2007-01-01
doi = 10.1088/1748-9326/1/1/014005
pages = 014005 ] The research also shows that, contrary to what was previously thought, most of the Saharan dust that reaches the east coast of the United States originates from a single source—the Bodele depression. [" [http://crb02.gsfc.nasa.gov/viewStory.php?id=118 New Earth Science Journal Highlights the Work of Climate and Radiation Branch Scientists] ". Climate News. NASA GSFC. 1 Nov 2006. URL accessed 2006-12-29.]

In February 2005 the first field experiment, the Bodele Dust Experiment or BoDEx 2005, was carried out in the Bodele Depression. The experiment measured the surface winds and near surface winds, dust concentrations and the influence of dust on the radiation budget in the Bodele Depression for the first time " [Washington R, et al. Dust and the Low Level Circulation over the Bodélé Depression, Chad: Observations from BoDEx 2005, J. Geophys. Res.Atmospheres Vol. 111, No. D3, D03201.] . This work coincided with a major dust emission event during which the Bodele Low Level Jet sustained surface wind speeds of around 16 m/s. The core of the Bodele Low Level Jet was also mapped for the first time from the wind data and was shown to undergo a very marked diurnal cycle with peak winds occurring mid morning. During night time, the Bodele Low Level Jet flows over a near-surface inversion but quickly mixes down to the surface a few hours after sunrise once the intense surface heating induces turbulence in the lowest layers.

Dust from the Bodele may be seen as a simple coincidence of two key requirements for deflation: strong surface winds and erodible sediment. But recent research has argued thatlong-term links exist between topography, wind, deflation and dust and that topography acts as the controlling agent ensuring the long term maintenance of this source. The spatial co-location of strong winds and dust is not simply fortuitous but results from a set of processes. Specifically:
* Contemporary deflation from the Bodele is delineated by topography such that wind stress, the maximum in dust output and the topographic depression are colocated.
* The topography of the Tibesti and Ennedi Mountains plays a key role in the generation of the Bodele Low Level Jet.
* Enhanced deflation from a stronger Bodele Low Level Jet during drier phases, such as the Last Glacial Maximum was probably sufficient to create or enhance a shallow lake populated by diatoms during wetter phases, such as the Holocene pluvial.

Wind conditions which deflate the erodible sediment now may have created the depression necessary for generating the erodible diatomite in the past. Instead of a simple coincidence of nature, the world’s largest source results from a system of processes operating over paleo timescales ["eo10">" [Washington, R., M.C. Todd, G.Lizcano, I.Tegen, C. Flamant, I. Koren, P.Ginoux, S. Engelstaedter, A..S.Goudie, C.S. Zender, C. Bristow and J. Prospero, Links between topography, wind, deflation, lakes and dust: The case of the Bodélé depression, Chad, Geophysical Research Letters Vol. 33, L09401, doi:10.1029/2006GL025827, 2006.]

The largest town associated with the Bodele dust source is Faya-Largeau (coord|17|55|00|N|19|7|00|E|), located just to the north of the depression. [Prospero, Joseph M et al. " [http://esp.cr.usgs.gov/info/dust/prospero_toms_dust_sources_paper.pdf Environmental Characterization of Global Sources of Atmospheric Soil Dust Identified with the Nimbus 7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (Toms) Absorbing Aerosol Product] ". "Reviews of Geophysics". 40(1). Feb 2002.]

References

External links

* [http://www.geog.ox.ac.uk/research/projects/bodex The Bodele Dust Experiment BoDEx]

* [http://www.lbk.ars.usda.gov/wewc/biblio/bar.htm The Bibliography of Aeolian Research]

* [http://www.geog.ox.ac.uk/~rwashing/research/dust/ Bodele Low Level Jet: Atmospheric Dynamics and Dust Emissions]