Domenico Zampieri

Domenico Zampieri (or Domenichino) (October 21, 1581–April 15, 1641), was a prominent Italian Baroque painter of the Bolognese School, or Carracci School, of painters.

Life

Domenichino was born at Bologna, son of a shoemaker, and there initially studied under Denis Calvaert. After quarreling with Calvaert, he left to work in the Accademia degli Incamminati of the Carracci where, because of his small stature, he was nicknamed Domenichino, "little Domenico." He left Bologna for Rome in 1602 and became one of the most talented apprentices to emerge from Annibale Carracci's supervision. As a young artist in Rome he lived with his slightly older Bolognese colleagues Albani and Guido Reni, and worked alongside Lanfranco, who later would become a chief rival.

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Following Annibale Carracci's death in 1609, Annibale's Bolognese pupils, foremost Domenichino, Albani, Reni and Lanfranco, became the leading painters in Rome (Caravaggio had left Rome in 1606 and his followers there did not compete successfully with the Bolognese for fresco or altarpiece commissions). One of Domenichino's masterpieces, his frescoes of "Scenes of the Life of Saint Cecilia" in the Polet Chapel of San Luigi dei Francesi, was commissioned in 1612 and completed in 1615. Concurrently he painted his first, and most celebrated, altarpiece, "The Last Communion of St. Jerome" for the church of San Girolamo della Carità (signed and dated, 1614). It subsequently would be judged as being comparable to Raphael's great "Transfiguration" and even as "the best picture in the world."

By late 1616, Domenichino had designed the coffered ceiling with "The Assumption of the Virgin" in Santa Maria in Trastevere; and he had begun a cycle of ten frescoes depicting the "Life of Apollo" in a garden pavilion of the Villa Aldobrandini (Belvedere) in Frascati, where he was assisted by Giovanni Battista Viola, a Bolognese artist who, like Domenichino himself, was a pioneer in the development of classicistic landscape painting. From 1617 until 1621, Domenichino was absent from Rome, working in Bologna and at Fano, where during 1618-19 he frescoed the Nolfi chapel of the Fano Cathedral with "Scenes from the Life of the Virgin."

With the election of a Bolognese pope (Gregory XV) in 1621, Domenichino returned to Rome. Appointed Papal Architect (he built little but left drawings for various projects, most notably for the façade of Sant'Andrea della Valle and for the plan of Sant'Ignazio, both in Rome), he nonetheless continued to be most active as a painter, obtaining many commissions for altarpieces in Roman churches (San Lorenzo in Miranda, 1626-27, SS. Giovanni Evangelista e Petronio dei Bolognese, 1626-29, Santa Maria della Vittoria, 1629-30, and St. Peter's, 1625-30). He also executed numerous frescoes in Rome during the 1620s: a ceiling in the Palazzo Costaguti (c. 1622); the choir and pendentives in Sant'Andrea della Valle, where he worked in fierce competion with Lanfranco, who painted the dome above Domenichino's pendentives; and the pendentives of San Silvestro al Quirinale (c. 1628) and San Carlo ai Catinari (1628-30).

In spite of his activity in Rome, Domenichino decided to leave the city in 1631 to take up the most prestigious, and very lucrative, commission in Naples, the decoration of the Cappella del Tesoro di San Gennaro of the Cathedral. His "Scenes from the Life of San Gennaro" occupied him for the rest of his life. He painted four large lunettes, four pendentives, and twelve scenes in the soffits of the arches, all in fresco, plus three large altarpieces in oil on copper. He died, perhaps by poison at the hands of the jealous Neapolitan painters, before completing the fourth altarpiece or the cupola, which was subsequently frescoed by Lanfranco.

At the time of his death, Domenichino's chief assistant was an obscure painter from Assisi, Francesco Raspantino, who inherited his master's studio. Earlier, Domenichino's principal pupils were Alessandro Fortuna, Giovanni Battista Ruggieri, Antonio Alberti called Barbalonga, Francesco Cozza, Andrea Camassei, and Giovanni Angelo Canini. Others who studied in his studio include Poussin, Pietro Testa, and his future biographer, Giovanni Pietro Bellori.

Ideas on Art and Accusations of Plagiarism

Domenichino's work, developed principally from Raphael's and the Carracci's examples, mirrors the theoretical ideas of G. B. Agucchi, with whom the painter collaborated on a "Treatise on Painting" (Domenichino's portrait of Agucchi in York occasionally has been attributed to Annibale Carracci). -- strongly defended Domenichino's work as being praiseworthy imitation.

In addition to his interest in the theory of painting (he was well educated and bookish), Domenichino was devoted to music, not as a performer but to the invention of instruments suited to the "stile moderno" or to what Monteverdi dubbed the "seconda pratica." Like Domenichino's paintings, its sources were in ancient models and aimed at clarity of expression capable of moving its audience. As the Florentine composer Giulio Caccini held and Domenichino surely believed, the aim of the composer/artist was to "move the passion of the mind." To achieve that goal, Domenichino paid particular attention to expressive gestures, to what are called the "affetti." Some 1750 drawings in the Royal Collection at Windsor Castle attest to the assiduous study underlying Domenichino's work -- figural, architectural, decorative, landscape, even caricature -- and to the painter's brilliance as a draftsman. In Roger de Pile's "Balance" of 1708, an effort to quantify and compare the greatness of painters in four categories (no artist ever achieved a score above 18 in any category), the French critic awarded Domenichino 17 points for drawing ("dessein"), 17 for "expression," 15 for "composition," yet only 9 as a colorist ("coloris"). Domenichino's composite score of 58 nonetheless was surpassed only by Raphael and Rubens, and it equalled that of the Carracci.

The "Balance" reflects Domenichino's high standing in the history of European taste -- until John Ruskin in the 1840s wrote his devastating attacks on Bolognese Baroque painting in his "Modern Painters". The Carracci and their followers were condemned by Ruskin as being "insincere" (for Ruskin, there was no entirely sincere or great art in the seventeenth century), and doubly damned as being "eclectic." Modern scholarship, led by Luigi Serra, John Pope-Hennessy, Evelina Borea and Richard Spear, who in 1982 published the first "catalogue raisonné" of all of Domenichino's paintings and preparatory drawings, have resurrected the artist from the Victorian graveyard and reestablished his place among the most important and influential painters of seventeenth-century Italy. In 1996 the first major exhibition of his work was held at the Palazzo Venezia in Rome.

elected Works

"Note: for a complete list of works, see the catalogue of Domenichino's paintings in Richard E. Spear, "Domenichino," 1982.
*"The Virgin, Infant Jesus, and John the Baptist" ("The Madonna of Silence"), c. 1605, Louvre Museum [http://cartelen.louvre.fr/cartelen/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=18811]
*"A Virgin with a Unicorn", c. 1604-05, Farnese Gallery, Palazzo Farnese, Rome; fresco based on a design by Annibale Carracci
*"Abraham Leading Isaac to Sacrifice", 1602, Kimbell Art Museum, Ft. Worth [http://www.kimbellart.org/database/index.cfm?detail=yes&ID=AP%201982.03]
*"Landscape with Baptism of Christ" (in collaboration with G. B. Viola?), c. 1603, Kunsthaus, Zurich [http://www.kunsthaus.ch/cgi-bin/kunsthaus?ID=GGAnQX8AAAEAAAQhKB0AAAAS&Q=&S=2:1:18;:::12:::1::&P=0&MT=main]
*"Landscape with Flight into Egypt"] , c. 1605-06, Allen Memorial Art Museum, Oberlin College"
* [http://www.artonline.it/img/large/p08-g118.jpg"Portrait of Cardinal Girolamo Agucchi"] , c. 1604-05, Uffizi, Florence
* [http://www.learn.columbia.edu/dbcourses/baroque/medium/domenichino_wga02_090503.jpg"Landscape with Fording"] , c. 1604-05, Galleria Doria-Pamphilj, Rome
* [http://www.infoweb.drake.edu/worthen/106/domenichino-andrew1.jpeg "Flagellation of St. Andrew"] , 1609, San Gregorio Magno, Rome
* [http://cartelen.louvre.fr/cartelen/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=18823 "The Ascension of St. Paul"] , c. 1606-08, Louvre
*"Scenes from the Life of Diana", 1609, Palazzo Giustiniani, now Odescalchi, Bassano di Sutri (Rome)
*"The 'Consecratio' of a Roman Emperor", 1634-36, Prado Museum, Madrid
*"Landscape with Fortifications", c. 1634-35, Denis Mahon Collection, London [http://www.artonline.it/opera.asp?IDOpera=585]
*"Cumaen Sybil", c. 1620-23, Pinacoteca Capitolina, Rome [http://artyzm.com/world/d/domenichino/sibyl.htm]
*"Legends of SS. Nilus and Bartholomew", 1608-10, Abbey of Grottaferrata [http://www.learn.columbia.edu/dbcourses/baroque/medium/domenich_rs82_2_068_090603.jpg] [http://www.learn.columbia.edu/dbcourses/baroque/medium/domenich_rs82_2_075_090603.jpg] [http://www.learn.columbia.edu/dbcourses/baroque/medium/domenich_rs82_2_285_090603.jpg] [http://www.learn.columbia.edu/dbcourses/baroque/medium/domenich_rs82_2_293_090603.jpg] [http://www.learn.columbia.edu/dbcourses/baroque/medium/domenich_rs82_1_cp1_090603.jpg]
* [http://www.italica.rai.it/principali/argomenti/arte/bellori/arco.jpg"A Triumphal Arch"] , c. 1609, Prado Museum, Madrid
*"Way to Calvary", c. 1610, J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles [http://www.getty.edu/art/collections/objects/o841.html]
*"Last Communion of St Jerome", 1614, Vatican Pinacoteca [http://mv.vatican.va/3_EN/pages/x-Schede/PINs/PINs_Sala12_02_048.html] and [http://www.artonline.it/img/large/p21-g118.jpg]
*"Scenes of the Life of Saint Cecilia", 1612-15, frescoes, San Luigi dei Francesi, Rome
*: [http://www.artehistoria.com/frames.htm?http://www.artehistoria.com/genios/cuadros/5282.htm "Saint Cecilia Giving Alms to the Poor"]
*"Landscape with St Jerome", c. 1610, Glasgow Art Gallery and Museum
*"Landscape with Sylvia and Satyrs", c. 1615-20, Pinacoteca Nazionale di Bologna
*"Alexander and Timoclea", c. 1615, Louvre Museum
*"Truth Disclosed by Time" (in collaboration with Agostino Tassi), c. 1622, fresco Palazzo Costaguti, Rome)
*"Cumaen Sybil", 1616-17, Galleria Borghese, Rome
*"Madonna of the Rosary", 1617-22/25 (Pinacoteca Nazionale di Bologna)
*"Diana with Nymphs at Play", 1616-17, Galleria Borghese, Rome
*"The Virgin and Child with Saints John the Baptist and Petronius", 1626-29, Pinacoteca di Brera, Milan (on deposit at the Galleria Nazionale d’Arte Antica, Rome)
*"Saint Agnes", c. 1620, Royal Collection, Hampton Court
* [http://www.learn.columbia.edu/dbcourses/baroque/medium/domenichino_wga03_090503.jpg"Madonna of Loreto with Saints John the Baptist, Paterniano, and Anthony Abbot"] , c. 1618-19, North Carolina Museum of Art)
* [http://cartelen.louvre.fr/cartelen/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=20891 "Rinaldo and Armida"] , c. 1620-21, Louvre, Paris
* [http://www.pinacotecabologna.it/visita/quadro1.php?n_opera=55 "Martyrdom of St Peter Martyr"] (after Titian), c. 1619-21, Pinacoteca Nazionale di Bologna
*"Life of Apollo", 1616-18, frescoes, Stanza di Apollo, Villa Aldobrandini (Belvedere), Frascati (now mostly in the National Gallery, London)
*"The Four Evangelists" and "Scenes from the Life of St. Andrew", 1622-27, frescoes in the pendentives and choir of Sant'Andrea della Valle, Rome Sant'Andrea della Valle) [http://www.learn.columbia.edu/dbcourses/baroque/medium/domenich_rs82_2_270_090603.jpgMatthew] [http://www.learn.columbia.edu/dbcourses/baroque/medium/domenich_rs82_2_273_090603.jpgMark] [http://www.learn.columbia.edu/dbcourses/baroque/medium/domenich_rs82_2_277_090603.jpgLuke] [http://www.learn.columbia.edu/dbcourses/baroque/medium/domenich_rs82_2_281_090603.jpgJohn] [http://www.learn.columbia.edu/dbcourses/baroque/medium/domenich_rs82_2_294_090603.jpg] [http://www.infoweb.drake.edu/worthen/106/domenichino-andrew2.jpeg]
* [http://cartelen.louvre.fr/cartelen/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=18494 "Landscape with Hercules and Acheloüs"] , c. 1622-23, Louvre, Paris
*"Saint Ignatius de Loyola’s Vision of Christ and God the Father", c. 1622, Los Angeles County Museum of Art
* [http://cartelen.louvre.fr/cartelen/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=18499 "Landscape with The Flight to Egypt"] , c. 1623, Louvre, Paris
* [http://cartelen.louvre.fr/cartelen/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=28413 "Landscape with Child overturning Wine"] , c. 1603-05, Louvre, Paris
* [http://www.artonline.it/opera.asp?IDOpera=360 "Rebuke of Adam and Eve"] , c, 1623-25, Musée des Beax-Arts, Grenoble
*"An Allegory of Agriculture, Astronomy and Architecture", c. 1624-25, Galleria Sabauda, Turin
* [http://www.nga.gov/cgi-bin/pinfo?Object=111270+0+none "Rebuke of Adam and Eve"] , 1626, National Gallery Art, Washington D.C.
*"Martyrdom of St. Agnes", c. 1619-22/25, Pinacoteca Nazionale di Bologna
* [http://www.artonline.it/img/large/p06-g118.jpg"Death of Adonis", "Apollo and Hyacinthus" and "Narcissus"] , frescoes, 1603-04, Palazzo Farnese, Rome
*"Martyrdom of St Sebastian", 1625-30, St. Peter's, Rome (now Santa Maria degli Angeli, Rome)
*"Assumption of the Virgin", 1616-17, Santa Maria di Trastevere, Rome
* [http://cartelen.louvre.fr/cartelen/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=18498 "Landscape with Erminia and the Shepherds"] , c. 1623-25?, Louvre, Paris
* [http://cartelen.louvre.fr/cartelen/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=18496 "Landscape with Hercules and Cacus"] , c. 1622-23, Louvre), Paris
* [http://cartelen.louvre.fr/cartelen/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=18695 "Saint Cecilia with an Angel"] , c. 1617-18, Louvre, Paris
*"Sacrifice of Isaac", c. 1627-28, Prado Museum, Madrid
* [http://www.artonline.it/opera.asp?IDOpera=588 "Scenes from the Life of San Gennaro"] , 1631-41, frescoes, Cappella del Tesoro di San Gennaro, Cathedral of Naples
*"Landscape with Tobias and the Angel", c. 1610-12, National Gallery, London
*"Mary Magdalene in Glory", c. 1620, Hermitage, St. Petersburg

References

*Luigi Serra, "Domenico Zampieri detto il Domenichino", Rome, 1909.
*John Pope-Hennessy, "The Drawings of Domenichino ... at Windsor Castle", London, 1948.
*Richard E. Spear, "Domenichino", 2 vols., New Haven and London, 1982.
*"Domenichino, 1581-1641", exh. cat. with entries on the paintings by Richard E. Spear, Rome, 1996.
*Elizabeth Cropper, "The Domenichino Affair. Novelty, Imitation, and Theft in Seventeenth-century Rome", New Haven and London, 2005

External links

* [http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/bio/d/domenich/biograph.html Brief biography at Web Gallery of Art]
* [http://cartelen.louvre.fr/cartelen/visite?srv=rs_display_res&critere=dominiquin+1581&operator=AND&photoOnly=true&nbToDisplay=20&langue=fr Domenico in the Louvre]
* [http://pintura.aut.org/BU04?AutNum=11.844?EmpNum=15187 Domenico at Cuidad de la pintura website]