Jewish National Fund

The Jewish National Fund (Hebrew: קרן קימת לישראל, "Keren Kayemet LeYisrael") (abbreviated as JNF, and sometimes KKL) was founded in 1901 to buy and develop land in Ottoman Palestine (later Israel) for Jewish settlement. The JNF is a non-profit corporation owned by the World Zionist Organization [ Professor Alon Tal, The Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, The Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben Gurion University of the Negev. [http://www.unccd.int/cop/reports/otheraffected/national/2006/israel-eng.pdf "NATIONAL REPORT OF ISRAEL,Years 2003-2005, TO THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION TO COMBAT DESERTIFICATION (UNCCD)"] ; State of Israel, July 2006] and possesses quasi-government powers. [Rebecca Spence. [http://www.forward.com/articles/11246/ "Reform Slams Knesset Plan for JNF Land"] ; Jewish Daily Forward, July 25, 2007] By 2007, it owned 13% of the total land in Israel.cite news|title=High Court delays ruling on JNF land sales to non-Jews|first=Anshel|last=Pfeffer|coauthors=Stern, Yoav|date=2007-09-24|accessdate=2007-12-20|work=Haaretz|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/906704.html] Since its inception, the JNF has planted over 240 million trees in Israel. It has also built 180 dams and reservoirs, developed 250,000 acres of land and established more than 1,000 parks. [http://www.jnf.org/site/PageServer?pagename=history]

History

Early history

The JNF was founded at the Fifth Zionist Congress in Basel in 1901 with Theodor Herzl's support based on the proposal of a German Jewish mathematician, Zvi Hermann Schapira. [http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Orgs/jnf.html] Early land purchases were completed in Judea and the Lower Galilee. In 1909, the JNF played a central role in the founding of Tel Aviv. The establishment of the “Olive Tree Fund” marked the beginning of Diaspora support of afforestation efforts. The Blue Box (known in Yiddish as a "pushke") has been part of the JNF since its inception, symbolizing the partnership between Israel and the Diaspora. In the period between the two world wars, about one million of these blue and white tin collection boxes could be found in Jewish homes throughout the world. [http://environment.harvard.edu/religion/religion/judaism/projects/jewish_national.html] From 1902 until the late 1940s, the JNF sold JNF stamps to raise monies. For a brief period in May 1948, JNF stamps were used as postage stamps during the transition from Palestine to Israel. [Kimmerly, Ian. “Jewish National Fund issues postal substitutes” in ‘’ The Globe and Mail (Canada)’’ July 22, 1989]

The first parcel of land, 200 dunams (18 hectares) east of Hadera, was received as a gift from the Russian Zionist leader Isaac Leib Goldberg of Vilnius, in 1903. It became an olive grove. [Zvi Shilony, "Ideology and Settlement; The Jewish National Fund, 1897-1914", Magnes Press (1998), 119-121.] In 1904 and 1905, the JNF purchased land plots near the Sea of Galilee and at Ben Shemen. In 1921, JNF land holdings reached 25,000 acres (100 km²), rising to 50,000 acres (200 km²) by 1927. At the end of 1935, JNF held 89,500 acres (362 km²) of land housing 108 Jewish communities. In 1939, 10% of the Jewish population of the British Mandate of Palestine lived on JNF land. JNF holdings by the end of the British Mandate period amounted to 936 km². [Walter Lehn, The Jewish National Fund, "Journal of Palestine Studies", Vol. 3, No. 4. (Summer, 1974), pp. 74-96.] By 1948, the JNF owned 54% of the land held by Jews in the region, [Donald H. Akenson. [http://books.google.com/books?id=J-uN-td8y_4C&pg=PA168&lpg=PA168&dq=percent+of+Jewish-owned+land+owned+by+the+JNF&source=web&ots=vuEhZKfAM0&sig=pso3mUvnQjL6UM-lZJMd-8iCV6w&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result "God's Peoples"] ; Cornell University Press, 1992, p.168] or a bit less than 4% of the land in what was then known as Palestine. [Dan Leon. [http://www.pij.org/details.php?id=410 "The Jewish National Fund: How the Land Was ‘Redeemed’: The JNF’s historical concept of exclusively Jewish land is wholly anachronistic"] ; "Palestine-Israel" Journal, Vol 12 No. 4 & Vol 13 No. 1, 05/06 /]

From the beginning, JNF's policy was to lease land long-term rather than sell it. In its charter, the JNF states: "Since the first land purchase in Erez Israel in the early 1900s for and on behalf of the Jewish People, JNF has served as the Jewish People's trustee of the land, initiating and charting development work to enable Jewish settlement from the border in the north to the edge of the desert and Arava in the south." [http://www.wnd.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=55125]

After statehood

After Israel's establishment in 1948, there was a debate concerning the future of the JNF. Initially the government wanted to dismantle it, but after the United Nations General Assembly passed Resolution 194 calling for Arab refugees to be allowed back into their homes, the JNF was seen as mechanism by which land which was previously owned by Arabs could be legally purchased by Jews. Accordingly, the government began to sell absentee lands to the JNF, left behind by former Arab owners. On January 27, 1949, 1,000 km² of this land (from a total of about 3,500 km²) was sold to the JNF for the price of I£11 million. Another 1,000 km² of seized land was sold to the JNF in October, 1950. Over the years questions about the legitimacy of these transactions have been raised repeatedly; Israeli legislation has generally supported the JNF's land claims. [A. Golan. " [http://www.snunit.k12.il/heb_journals/katedra/63122.html The Transfer of Abandoned Rural Arab Lands to Jews During Israel's War of Independence] ", Cathedra, 63, pp. 122-154, 1992 he icon. English translation: “The Transfer to Jewish Control of Abandoned Arab Land during the War of Independence,” in S.I. Troen and N. Lucas (eds), "Israel, The First Decade of Independence" (Albany, NY, 1995)] [cite news |author=A. Barkat |title=Buying the State of Israel |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=538435&contrassID=1&subContrassID=9&sbSubContrassID=0&listSrc=Y |publisher=Haaretz |date=February 10, 2005 |accessdate=2007-05-29] [cite news |author=M. Benvenisti |title=With all due respect for the 'blue box' |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/864483.html |publisher=Haaretz |date=May 29, 2007 |accessdate=2007-05-29] In 1953, the JNF was dissolved and re-organized as an Israeli company. In 1960, administration of the land held by the JNF, apart from forested areas, was transferred to a newly formed government agency, the Israel Land Administration, the government agency responsible for managing 93% of the land of Israel [http://www.mmi.gov.il/Envelope/indexeng.asp?page=/static/eng/f_general.html] . The JNF received the right to nominate 10 of the 22 directors of the ILA, lending it significant leverage within that state body.

In 1996, the American JNF was accused of mismanaging funds. According to the charges, only 21% of US donations reached Israel, and monies were being diverted to Latin American JNF offices. In the wake of this scandal, the North American management was forced to resign. [Alon Tal. [http://books.google.com/books?id=AAuy4ItfBVoC&pg=PA84&lpg=PA84&dq=JNF++pine&source=web&ots=drItO5ze58&sig=G4AMY7JJmAhzVEokAbHukRlI424&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=9&ct=result#PPA88,M1 "Pollution in a Promised Land"] ; University of California, 2002]

Reclamation projects

The JNF charter specifies reclamation of land for the Jewish people as its primary purpose. During the 1980s, almost convert|60000|acre|km2 were planted. Over convert|50000|acre|km2 of crop-land were reclaimed and hundreds of miles of roads built. Research into soil and water conservation and the construction of dams and reservoirs took on added importance in the face of water shortages and drought.

The JNF’s collaborative work involves participation in the International Arid Land Consortium, which explores the problems and solutions unique to arid and semiarid regions, working to develop sustainable ecological practices as a means to improve the quality of life among people in arid regions. [http://www.kkl.org.il/kkl/english/main_subject/curb%20global%20warming/the%20international%20arid%20lands%20consortium.x]

Afforestation

The early JNF was active in afforestation and reclamation of land. By 1935, JNF had planted 1.7 million trees over a total area of 1,750 acres (7.08 km²) and drained swamps, like those in the Hulah Valley. [http://environment.harvard.edu/religion/religion/judaism/projects/jewish_national.html] Over fifty years, the JNF planted over 260 million trees largely in semi-arid, rocky, hilly terrain in which cultivation is not cost-effective and the risk of land degradation is high. [ Professor Alon Tal, The Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, The Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben Gurion University of the Negev. [http://www.unccd.int/cop/reports/otheraffected/national/2006/israel-eng.pdf "NATIONAL REPORT OF ISRAEL,Years 2003-2005, TO THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION TO COMBAT DESERTIFICATION (UNCCD)"] ; State of Israel, July 2006]

While the Ministry of Agriculture is the official regulator of Israel's forests, the JNF is responsible for the implementation of forest management and afforestation. [http://www.kkl.org.il/kkl/english/main_subject/curb%20global%20warming/afforestation%20to%20combat%20desertification%20.x] In 2006, the JNF signed a 49-year lease agreement with the State of Israel which gives it control over 30,000 hectares of Negev land for the development of forests. [ Professor Alon Tal, The Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, The Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben Gurion University of the Negev. [http://www.unccd.int/cop/reports/otheraffected/national/2006/israel-eng.pdf "NATIONAL REPORT OF ISRAEL,Years 2003-2005, TO THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION TO COMBAT DESERTIFICATION (UNCCD)"] ; State of Israel, July 2006]

Criticism

The JNF has been criticized for planting non-native pine trees which are unsuited to the climate, rather than local species such as olive trees. [Rabbi David Seidenberg. [http://www.neohasid.org/negev/the_giving_tree2/ "The Giving Tree: A Way to Honor Our Vision for Israel"] ; Neohasid, 2006] Others say that JNF deserves credit for this decision, and the forests would not have survived otherwise. [http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1214726157819&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull] According to JNF statistics, six out of every 10 saplings planted at a JNF site in Jerusalem do not survive, although the survival rate for planting sites outside Jerusalem is much higher - close to 95 percent. The Israeli newspaper "Maariv" claimed that workers remove saplings daily to allow more tourists to plant the following day, but the JNF denied this and said it would sue the paper for libel. [Deborah Sontag. [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E00E1DB1239F930A35754C0A9669C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all "Arboreal Scandal in Israel: Not All of the Trees Planted There Stay Planted"] ;New York Times, July 3, 2000,] The Union for Environmental Defense has criticized the fund's forestry practices for "overreliance on highly flammable pine trees" and overuse of toxic herbicides, in the context of minimal government and public scrutiny. [Deborah Sontag. [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E00E1DB1239F930A35754C0A9669C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all "Arboreal Scandal in Israel: Not All of the Trees Planted There Stay Planted"] ;New York Times, July 3, 2000,]

Some forests have been planted for security reasons [ [http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1214726157819&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull "From classic forestry to ecological forestry KKL-JNF at 36th Israeli Ecological Society Conference"] ; Jerusalem Post, June 30, 2008] and as a means of demarcating Israeli space. [Alon Tal. [http://books.google.com/books?id=AAuy4ItfBVoC&pg=PA84&lpg=PA84&dq=JNF++pine&source=web&ots=drItO5ze58&sig=G4AMY7JJmAhzVEokAbHukRlI424&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=9&ct=result#PPA88,M1 "Pollution in a Promised Land"] ; University of California, 2002] Forests in the Negev Desert have been planted to restrict Bedouin herding. [Shaul Ephraim Cohen. [http://books.google.com/books?id=FR4r1sylzXMC&pg=PA121&lpg=PA121&dq=bedouin+grazing+JNF+pine&source=web&ots=7jeCA2o44z&sig=UDLzu6x8MioUd7y-dT66XlW3wxA&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=5&ct=result "The Politics of Planting"] ; University of Chicago 1993 p.121] After the 1948 war, forests were planted on the site of abandoned Arab villages whose inhabitants left or were expelled from their homes.cite book|title=The Other Side of Israel: My Journey Across the Jewish/Arab Divide|last=Nathan|first=Susan|isbn=978-0385514569|year=2005|publisher=Nan A. Talese|authorlink=Susan Nathan|location=New York|page=130–131] Olive trees, upon whose fruits and oil residents of the region traditionally relied, have also been cut down and replaced by pine and cypress trees. [Nathan, Susan (2005) "op cit" pages 129–130] As these forests have often been planted over the remains of Arab villages, critics say that JNF afforestation policy is aimed at erasing traces of the Arab presence prior to 1948 and covering up the demolition of Arab villages. [Nathan, Susan (2005) "op cit" pages 151–152] In 2008, in response to pressure by the Israeli Nakba commemoration organization Zochrot, the JNF announced that historical information plaques erected in JNF parks and forests will cite the names of the Arab villages formerly located there. [ [http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/950689.html JNF to erect signs in parks, citing destroyed Palestinian villages - Haaretz - Israel News ] ]

Water reclamation

Major water issues face Israel today. The fresh water supply is wholly dependent on 50 days a year of seasonal rainfall, while Israel’s water consumption has doubled since 1960. The JNF has built 200 reservoirs around the country, and plans to build 30 more reservoirs and water treatment plants over next five years. Over the past decade, JNF has invested over $114.99 million in reservoir construction, increasing the country’s total storage capacity by 7%, to over 35 billion gallons of water. JNF is also involved in river rehabilitation projects all over Israel, such as the Nahal Alexander Restoration Project begun in 2003.

Development

The JNF's engagement in reclaiming the Land of Israel for Jewish purposes has involved a range of massive land infrastructure development projects. In the 1980s, the JNF launched a project known collectively as "Operation Promised Land," to meet the challenge of the massive upsurge of Jewish immigration from the Soviet Union and Ethiopia.

In recent years, the JNF has again moved towards the development of towns to accommodate new Jewish immigrants, focusing on the Galilee and Negev regions, the two areas of Israel with a tenuous Jewish demographic majority. In particular, the JNF's 600 million dollar Blueprint Negev aims to attract and build infrastructure for 250,000 new settlers in the Negev Desert, which accounts for 60% of the country's land mass but remains sparsely populated. [http://www.jnf.org/site/PageServer?pagename=negevProjects] The plan has come under scrutiny as groups such as Bustan, Save the Negev, and Ohalah have expressed concern over the project's lack of transparency in light of the potential strain on ecological resources and the possible impacts on Bedouin communities nearby. [Daniel Orenstein and Steven Hamburg. [http://www.watsoninstitute.org/news_detail.cfm?id=383 "The JNF's Assault on the Negev"] ; "The Jerusalem Report," November 28, 2005] [Rebecca Manski. [http://www.alternativenews.org/images/stories/downloads/NfW_OctNov_2006/A_Desert_Mirage_Manski.pdf A Desert Mirage: The Rising Role of US Money in Negev Development] ;"News from Within" October/November 2006] [ [http://www.neohasid.org/negev/resolution Ohalah resolution] ] [ [http://neohasid.org/negev/save_the_negev/ Neohasid's Save the Negev Campaign] ]

Recent changes

ettling the question: JNF lands for Jews, or all citizens of Israel?

The JNF's charter specifies that the purpose of the JNF is to purchase land for the settlement of Jews. In the past, this was interpreted to mean that JNF should not lease land to non-Jews, but the restriction was frequently circumvented in practice, for example, by granting one-year lease to Bedouins for pastures. Further, Palestinian construction on land acquired by the JNF over the Green Line is widespread. [http://www.wnd.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=55125] Critics argue that many JNF lands on the Israeli side of the Green Line were illegally confiscated from Palestinian refugees, and that the JNF furthermore should not be involved with lands on the Palestinian side of the Green Line. [Dan Leon. [http://www.pij.org/details.php?id=410 "The Jewish National Fund: How the Land Was ‘Redeemed’: The JNF’s historical concept of exclusively Jewish land is wholly anachronistic"] ; "Palestine-Israel" Journal, Vol 12 No. 4 & Vol 13 No. 1, 05/06 /] In turn JNF supporters have raised concerned over the use of land purchased through Jewish donations by non-Jews. In recent years, the government has endeavored to settle the unresolved question of whether JNF lands should be owned and/or used by Jews only, through the Gadish Committee, new legislation, and High Court decisions.

The Gadish Committee

In 2004, the Minister of Industry, Trade and Labor established the Gadish Committee to investigate reform in the Israel Land Administration; the committee proposed an exchange of state-held land in the Galilee and the Negev for land of equal value held by the JNF in the center of the state. Much of the land in question is in areas with a tenuous Jewish demographic majority, particularly the Negev Desert. The JNF requires access to ILA lands in the Negev in order to forward its Blueprint Negev project. Arab citizens of Israel live predominantly in the Negev and Galilee, two areas in which land disputes linger to this day; Arab advocacy groups such as Adalah argue that the land exchange arrangement targets Arabs disproportionately, and will lead to the confiscation of lands Arab owners are still seeking to reclaim decades after their expropriation by the State. [ [http://www.adalah.org/eng/jnf.php#committee "SPECIAL REPORT on The Jewish National Fund: Challenging the discriminatory land policies of the Jewish National Fund (JNF)"] Adalah, 2008] ]

In January 2005, Israel's Attorney General Menachem Mazuz ruled in response to a Supreme Court petition that lease restrictions violated Israeli anti-discrimination laws. In June 2005, the government accepted the Gadish Committee’s recommendations without signing a formal agreement. [ [http://www.adalah.org/eng/jnf.php#committee "SPECIAL REPORT on The Jewish National Fund: Challenging the discriminatory land policies of the Jewish National Fund (JNF)"] Adalah, 2008] ]

New legislation

In July 2007, the Israeli Knesset approved the Jewish National Fund Bill, submitted by MK Uri Ariel (National Unity/National Religious Party), in its preliminary reading; the bill sought to authorize the JNF practice of refusing to lease land to Arab citizens. [cite news |author=Yoav Stern and Shahar Ilan |title=Bill allocating JNF land to Jews only passes preliminary reading |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/883536.html |publisher=Haaretz |date=July 19, 2007 |accessdate=2007-07-30] The bill called for a new provision to the "1960 Israel Land Administration Law", entitled "Management of the Jewish National Fund's Lands"; the provision stated that regardless of other conflicting rulings, leasing JNF lands for Jewish settlement did nod constitute discrimination, and: "For the purpose of every law, the association documents of the Jewish National Fund will be interpreted according to the judgment of the Jewish National Fund's founders and from a nationalist-Zionist standpoint." [ [http://www.adalah.org/eng/jnf.php NEWS UPDATE 27 September 2007: Supreme Court Adopts Jewish National Fund's Request to Delay Full Hearing of Adalah's Petition for Three Months to Allow JNF and State to Reach Agreement Regarding Marketing of JNF-Controlled Land"] ; Adalah, 2008] ]

However, several months later, the High Court heard an Adalah petition seeking cancellation of an ILA policy as well as Article 27 of the "Regulations of the Obligations of Tenders", which in concert prevent Arab citizens from participating in bids for JNF-controlled land. [ [http://www.adalah.org/eng/jnf.php#committee "SPECIAL REPORT on The Jewish National Fund: Challenging the discriminatory land policies of the Jewish National Fund (JNF)"] Adalah, 2008] ] The High Court of Justice agreed to delay a ruling by at least four months, and a temporary settlement was reached wherein although the JNF would be prevented from discriminating on grounds of ethnicity, nevertheless every time land is sold to a non-Jew, the ILA would compensate it with an equivalent amount of land, thus ensuring the total amount of land owned by Jewish Israelis remains the same. [cite news|title=High Court delays ruling on JNF land sales to non-Jews|first=Anshel|last=Pfeffer|coauthors=Stern, Yoav|date=2007-09-24|accessdate=2007-12-20|work=Haaretz|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/906704.html]

An alternative proposal submitted by Amnon Rubinstein recommends that a distinction be made between JNF lands and state lands, such that all JNF lands directly acquired via donations from abroad some 900,000 dunams (or 13% of the country) will pass to the direct control of the JNF, while two million dunams of "'lands of missing persons' - property belonging to Palestinian refugees and purchased by the JNF from the state in the 1950s" would revert to state control. [Amiram Barkat. [http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/885584.html "Ex-minister Rubinstein: State should reclaim land given to JNF"] ; Haaretz, 24/07/2007]

References

ee also

* Palestine Jewish Colonization Association
* Yatir Forest
* Jewish National Fund Tree of Life Award
*Jerusalem Forest

External links

* [http://www.kkl.org.il/kkl/kklMain_eng.aspx Official website (in English)]
* [http://www.jnf.org/ United States branch]
* [http://savethenegev.org JNF-USA] v. KKL-JNF in Israel
* [http://www.palestinefacts.org/pf_1991to_now_israel_land.php The land issue] (article on a Jewish Internet Association-maintained website containing information about the JNF)
* [http://www.adalah.org/eng/jnf.php Adalah's lawsuit] against KKL-JNF
* [http://www.intelligentgiving.com/charity/225910 Intelligent Giving profile of JNF Charitable Trust (UK)] - Note that JNF-CT (UK) is no longer affiliated with KKL-JNF
* [http://marbl.library.emory.edu/DigitalExhibits/stamps/023.html Early JNF stamps] from the Sol Singer Collection of Philatelic Judaica at Emory University.
* [http://www.ameinu.net/news/newsarticles.php?newsid=152 Ameinu writes in opposition to JNF bill 2007]