José Gonzalo Rodríguez Gacha

José Gonzalo Rodríguez Gacha (May 1947 - December 15, 1989), also known by the nickname "El Mexicano", was a Colombian drug lord who was one of the leaders of the notorious Medellín Cartel along with the Ochoa brothers and Pablo Escobar. At the height of his criminal career Rodríguez was acknowledged as one of the world's most successful drug dealers. In 1988, Forbes Magazine included him in their annual list of the world's billionaires. [U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment"Information Technologies for the Control of Money Laundering" OTA-ITC-630, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, September 1995]

Early years

José Gonzalo Rodríguez was born in May 1947 in the small Colombian town of Pacho, Cundinamarca Department. He came from a poor family of modest big farmers, and it is said that his formal education did not extend beyond grade school. As a youth he developed a fearsome reputation while employed as a hired killer for a gangster trying to gain control of Colombia's lucrative emerald mines. In the early 1970s,, Rodríguez migrated to Bogotá and linked up with Verónica Rivera de Vargas, a pioneering drug trafficker who became the first queen of cocaine by murdering the family of her main rival. ['Drug Kingpin 'El Mexicano' Is Violent Empire-Builder : 40-Year-Old a Symbol of Cocaine Wealth'. "The Washington Post", November 14, 1987]

Rise of the Medellín cartel

After moving to Medellín in 1976, Rodríguez joined with the Ochoa family, Pablo Escobar, and Carlos Lehder in establishing an alliance that eventually strengthened into what would become known as the Medellín Cartel. The traffickers cooperated in the manufacturing, distribution and marketing of cocaine. During the late 1970s, Rodríguez advanced in the organizational hierarchy, pioneering new trafficking routes through Mexico and into the United States, primarily Los Angeles, California and Houston, Texas. This, coupled with his infatuation with Mexican popular culture, earned him the nickname "El Mexicano" (the Mexican). He owned a string of ranches in the Pacho area with Mexican inspired names such as Cuernavaca, Chihuahua, Sonora and Mazatlán. When he was an owner of the Bogotá Football Club the Millonarios,, he hired a Mexican mariachi band to perform for the crowd. According to the US Justice Department, Rodríguez directed cocaine trafficking operations through Panama and the West Coast (California) of the United States. It is claimed that he helped design a Nicaraguan trafficking operation that employed pilot Barry Seal (who was murdered on February 19 after agreeing to testify against the Medellín cartel). Rodríguez based much of his operations from Bogotá and other areas in the Cundinamarca region.

Assassination of Colombian Minister of Justice Fuels the Extradition Controversy

On April 30, 1984, Colombian Minister of Justice Rodrigo Lara, who had crusaded against the Medellin cartel, was assassinated by a gang of motorcycle thugs. In response, President Belisario Betancur, who had previously opposed extradition, makes an announcement that "we will extradite Colombians". Carlos Lehder is the first to be put on the list. The crackdown forces the Ochoas, Escobar and Rodríguez to flee to Panama for several months. A few months later, Escobar is indicted for Lara's murder and Rodríguez is named as a material witness. In an attempt to handle the situation, Escobar, Rodríguez and the Ochoa brothers met with the former Colombian president Alfonso López in the Hotel Marriott in Panama City. The negotiation failed after news of it leaked to the press, provoking the open opposition of the United States to any impunity deal. [Alonso Salazar J, La Parábola de Pablo: Auge y caída de un gran capo del narcotráfico ("Santafé de Bogotá: Editorial Planeta", 2001), pp. 129-31.]

Cartel Linked Paramilitary Groups

Paramilitary groups (or self-defense groups, "autodefensas" as they are frequently referred to in Colombia), were created with the support of landowners and cattle ranchers who had been under pressure from the guerrillas as well as from groups affiliated with narcotics traffickers such as the Muerte a Secuestradores movement (MAS – Death to Kidnappers). As made clear in a 2004 judgment of the Inter-American court of Human Rights, [See the Judgement of the Court of July 5, 2004 in the Case of 19 Merchants, paragraphs, 84a-84d] numerous independent reports and from what the paramilitaries themselves have said, in at least some cases they were given support by the state itself. [In the speech, the Magdalena Medio commander present at the Congress of the Republic on July 28, 2004, he said: “we went to Base Calderón, now the Barbula battalion, we stated what we wished to do and they helped us with 8 shotguns and munitions…and then on February 18, 1978 the now Peasant Self Defence of the Magdalena Medio Antioqueno were both.”] The top leaders of the Medellín cartel created private armies to guarantee their own security and protect the property they had acquired. According to "The Washington Post", in the mid-1980s, Rodríguez and Pablo Escobar bought huge tracts of land the Magdalena Department (as well as Puerto Boyacá, Rionegro and the Llanos) which they used to transform their self-defense groups from poorly trained peasant militias into sophisticated fighting forces. [ Doug Farah, "Massacres Imperil U.S. Aid to Colombia Paramilitary Groups Linked to Army, "The Washington Post", January 31, 1999, A01] By the late 1980s Medellin traffickers controlled 40 percent of the land in the Middle Magdalena, according to a Colombian military estimate, and also funded most of the paramilitary operations in the region.

Throughout the 1980s Rodríguez helped catalyze the Medellín cartel's explosive rise to power by financing the importation and adoption of expensive foreign technology and expertise. According to the report by the Departamento Administrativo de Seguridad (Colombia's Administrative Security Department), between December 1987 and May 1988 Rodríguez hired Israeli and British mercenaries to train teams of assassins at remote training camps in Colombia. Yair Klein, a retired Israeli lieutenant colonel, acknowledged having led a team of instructors in Puerto Boyacá in early 1988. [Colombian Security Alleges Mercenary Aid to Cartels. August 29, 1989, "Washington Post Foreign Service"] . It is not clear whether Klein’s mercenary activities in Colombia coincided with those of a group of British mercenaries who had allegedly trained paramlitary squads for the cocaine cartels. [Tony Thompson, ‘High-tech Crime of the Future Will be all Mod Cons’, "The Observer", October 3, 1999, "The Omega Foundation" (Manchester, UK) carried out a study of new security technologies for the Scientific and Technological Options Assessment Panel at the request of the Committee on Civil Liberties and Internal Affairs of European Parliament in January 1998]

The United States and the War on Drugs

By 1989, the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) estimated that 80 percent of cocaine consumed in the United States was imported from Colombia by the Medellín cartel and it’s rival, the Cali Cartel. The newly elected administration of President George H.W. Bush was under considerable pressure to combat the increasing drug usage and drug-related violence plaguing scores of American cities. Much of the government strategy concentrated on restricting drug supply by extraditing Colombian cartel leaders to the United States for prosecution. On August 21, 1989, Attorney General Dick Thornburgh released a list of the twelve Colombian drug kingpins (commonly referred to as the "dirty dozen") most wanted by the United States and said the names would be shared with the Colombian government and Interpol. The list included Pablo Escobar, Jorge Luis Ochoa, and José Gonzalo Rodríguez,, the leading members of the Medellín cartel.

Financial Crackdown

President Bush declared money laundering a critical target in the war on drugs, allocating $15 million to launch a counteroffensive. Only hours after Bush unveiled his antidrug offensive in September 1989, a federal task force began taking shape. The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FINCEN) was designed to zero in on money launderers with computer programs capable of spotting suspicious movements of electronic money. On December 6, 1989, Attorney General Dick Thornburgh announced that authorities had frozen accounts in five countries holding $61.8 million belonging to Rodriguez Gacha. According to the Justice Department, the money represented long-term high-yield stocks and investments and was held in bank accounts in England, Switzerland, Austria, Luxembourg and the United States. An additional $20 million of Gacha’s drug money was suddenly transferred to Panama, where it was protected from American authorities. [Jonathan Beaty and Richard Hornik, 'A Torrent of Dirty Dollars', "TIME Magazine", Posted June 24, 2001]

Rodríguez Gacha's Final Years

During 1989, Rodríguez became involved in an intense and violent power struggle over control of Colombia’s emerald mines, which are considered some of the richest in the world. On February 27, 1989, Rodríguez directed a group of 25 gunmen to kill emerald magnate Gilberto Molina, who was previously considered among his close associates, along with sixteen other individuals at a party in Molina's home. "El Mexicano" was later charged in Colombia and the United States for his involvement in a number of killings, including the assassination of the president of the leftist Patriotic Union party, Jaime Pardo Leal on October 12, 1988 in retaliation for guerrilla attacks on drug traffickers in the eastern plains area known as the "llanos orientales." [Drug Kingpin 'El Mexicano' Is Violent Empire-Builder: 40-Year-Old a Symbol of Cocaine Wealth, November 14, 1987, "The Washington Post"] Both Pablo Escobar and Rodríguez were implicated in the slaying of popular presidential candidate Luis Carlos Galán on August 18, 1989, who was considered likely to be elected Colombia's next president.

Government Crackdown and Narcoterrorism

In response to a wave of drug-related assassinations, Colombian President Virgilio Barco launched an all-out offensive on the cocaine cartels and re-established extraditions with the United States. At first, the Colombian public overwhelmingly backed Barco's crackdown, which was announced hours after the assassination of Galán on August 19. The government made quick and unprecedented strides against the traffickers - seizing expensive homes, ranches, airfields, cocaine processing labs and large amounts of cash and drugs. Authorities conducted raids throughout the country and made thousands of arrests. The Medellin cartel responded by declaring "war" on the government,, and over the next four months, bombings became an almost daily occurrence and scores of people died.

By October 1989, public support for the crackdown was beginning to wane and the government decided to focus it’s attention on capturing either Pablo Escobar or Rodríguez. However, both men managed to stay one step ahead of law enforcement and continued to finance a campaign of retaliatory terrorism which claimed the lives of hundreds of politicians, judges and peasants. Colombian authorities said that Rodriguez Gacha and Pablo Escobar planned the December 8, 1989 bombing of the federal investigative police headquarters in Bogotá which killed 63 people and injured an estimated 1,000. The two men were also accused of involvement in the November 27, 1983 bombing of a Colombian domestic jetliner outside Bogotá that killed all 107 people aboard.

Death

The Colombian Government finally caught a break from an unlikely source when Rodríguez Gacha's son Fredy Rodriguez Celades (b. 1972) unwittingly led more than 1,000 Colombian National Police and Colombian Marines to his father. Fredy was arrested during an army raid of one of Rodriguez Gacha's ranches north of Bogotá. His alleged crime, possession of illegal weapons, was relatively minor, but police held Fredy longer than most unindicted prisoners, hoping to put pressure on Rodríguez.

When no signs of fatherly concern emerged, the police released Fredy and waited. Just as they anticipated, Fredy eventually headed for his father, unaware that police were tailing him. Police spotted José Gonzalo Rodríguez in Cartagena and followed the fleeing drug lord to a small ranch in Tolu. On Friday, December 15, 1989, Fredy, Gilberto Rendon (the alleged No. 8 man in the Medellín cartel) and a bodyguard were killed in a bloody shootout with Colombian police. José Gonzalo Rodríguez and three others died as they attempted to escape into the fields between Tolú and nearby Coveñas.

Funeral

Thousands of mourners thronged the streets of the town of Pacho for Rodriguez Gacha's funeral on Sunday, December 17, 1989. Residents of Pacho said he donated money to renovate buildings, and some viewed him as a public benefactor. About 3,000 people surrounded the cemetery because access to the funeral was limited to relatives. A newspaper estimated the number of mourners as high as 15,000. ['Hometown Mourns Colombian Drug Dealer'. December 19, 1989 "The New York Times"]

ee also

*Pablo Escobar
*Medellín Cartel
*War on Drugs

Notes