Water Vole

Taxobox
name = Water Vole
status = LR/lc | status_system = IUCN2.3


regnum = Animalia
phylum = Chordata
classis = Mammalia
ordo = Rodentia
superfamilia = Muroidea
familia = CricetidaeNote: according to Amori (1996) it will be transferred from family Muridae to Cricetidae.]
subfamilia = Arvicolinae
genus = "Arvicola"
species = "A. amphibius"IUCN2006|assessors=Amori|year=1996|id=2149|title=Arvicola terrestris|downloaded=12 May 2006]
binomial = "Arvicola amphibius"
binomial_authority = (Linnaeus, 1758):"This article deals with the European Water Vole. For the article concerning the American species known as Water Vole, see Water Vole (North America)"

The European Water Vole ("Arvicola amphibius" formerly called "A. terrestris") is a semi-aquatic mammal that resembles a rat. In fact, the water vole is often informally called the "“water rat”".cite web|url= http://www.lincstrust.org.uk/conservation/wvole/ratty.php|title= Tales of the Riverbank—How to spot 'Ratty' (previously "Water Volewatch 97")|accessdate=2006-08-23 |accessmonthday= |accessyear= |author= |last=Freeston |first= Helen|authorlink= |coauthors= |date= |year=1997 |month= |format= |work= |publisher=Lincolnshire Wildlife Trust |pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate=] Some authorities consider the Southwestern Water Vole in the same species, but it is now generally considered a distinct species. IUCN2006|assessors=Amori|year=1996|id=2150|title=Arvicola sapidus|downloaded=23 August 2006] Water voles have rounder noses than rats, deep brown fur, chubby faces and short fuzzy ears; unlike the rat their tails, paws and ears are covered with hair.

In the wild, they survive for 5 months on average; most do not survive a second winter. In captivity, they normally start to detiorate in condition as they approach their third winter; becoming thinner and losing much of their fur, nearly all die during their third winter.

Description

Water voles reach 140–220mm in length (5–9 inches) plus a tail of 55%–70% of this. Adults weigh from 160–350 g (6–12 ounces), juveniles weigh less but must reach around 140–170 g (5–6 ounces) to be able to survive their first winter.

pecies name

The binomial applied to the Water Vole is "Arvicola amphibius", it was formerly known by the junior synonym "A. terrestris". The confusion stems from the fact that Linnaeus described two species of Water Vole on the same page of the same work. Those two forms are now universally considered the same species. Musser and Carleton (2005) recognized "A. amphibius" (Linnaeus, 1758) as technically correct because the first source to unite the two forms that Linnaeus had treated separately into a single species chose "A. amphibius" as the valid name. Since "A. amphibius" and "A. terrestris" are literally tied in when they were named, priority is determined on the basis of the decision of the first reviewer. This reviewer used "A. amphibius" to refer to both forms. The species is more widely known by the synonym "A. terrestris" which for many decades was treated as the valid name.

There are three species in the genus "Arvicola"; "A. amphibius" the Northern Water Vole, "A. sapidus" the Southern Water Vole and "A scherman" the Montane Water Vole.

Range

The water vole "Arvicola amphibius", also known as the Northern water vole, is found in much of Great Britain, northern and central Europe and in parts of Russia.

There is another water vole found in northwestern United States, and southwestern Canada. Some sources classify the North American water vole as a separate species, either "Microtus richardsoni" or "Arvicola richardsoni".

Habitat

In Britain, water voles live in burrows excavated from the banks of calm rivers, ditches, ponds, and streams. They also live in reed beds where they will weave ball shaped nests if no suitable banks exist in which to burrow. In Europe and Russia, they may venture into woods, fields, and gardens. They live under the snow during the winter.

Diet

Water voles mainly eat grass and plants near the water. At times, they will also consume fruits, bulbs, twigs, buds, and roots. In Europe, when there is enough food to last water voles a long time, water vole "plagues" can take place. Water voles eat ravenously, destroying entire fields of grass and leaving the fields full of burrows, during these plagues.

Breeding

The mating period lasts from March into late autumn. The female vole's pregnancy lasts for approximately 21 days. Up to 8 baby voles can be born, each weighing around 10 g (one fifth of an ounce). The young voles open their eyes three days after their birth. They are half the size of a full grown water vole by the time they are weaned.

Behaviour

Water Voles are expert swimmers and divers. They do not usually live in large groups. Adult water voles each have their own territories, which they mark with a secretion from their bodies. They will attack if their territory is invaded by another vole.

Conservation

The water vole population in the UK has fallen from its estimated pre-1960 level of around 8 million to 2.3 million in 1990 and to 354,000 (other source: 750,000) in 1998. This represents a 90-95% loss. It is still declining dramatically, the most recent estimate for 2004 is around 220,000. This decline is partly attributed to the American Mink, an aggressive predator of the vole, together with unsympathetic farming and watercourse management which destroyed parts of the water vole's habitat.

On 26 February 2008 the UK Government announced full legal protection for Water Voles would be introduced from 6 April 2008.cite web|url=http://www.gnn.gov.uk/Content/Detail.asp?ReleaseID=355365&NewsAreaID=2))|title=Press release on Government news network|date=26 February 2008]

Consequently, the water vole is the UK's fastest declining mammal and efforts are under way to protect the water vole and its habitat from further destruction. One aspect of water vole conservation in the UK is focussed on non-linear habitats such as reed bed which support extensive networks or metapopulations. Other areas supporting healthy populations of water voles are large conurbations such as Birmingham and London and some upland areas where American Mink are scarce. Across the UK the Wildlife Trusts and other organisations are undertaking many practical projects to conserve and restore water vole populations.

Water voles have recently returned to Lindow Common nature reserve in Cheshire, UK, after many years of absence.cite web|url=http://www.macclesfield.gov.uk/standardpage.asp?pageid=10564 |title=News from Lindow |accessdate=2006-08-23 |accessmonthday= |accessyear= |author=Macclesfield Borough Council's Countryside and Ranger Service |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date= |year= |month= |format= |work= |publisher= |pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate=] The reserve rangers credit this to conservation management, which included thinning of woodland.

There are also indications that the water vole is increasing in numbers in UK areas where the European otter has made a return.cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/5331740.stm |title=Otters 'prompt vole resurgence' |accessdate=2006-09-11 |accessmonthday= |accessyear= |author= |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=2006-09-10 |year= |month= |format= |work= |publisher=BBC |pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate=] The otter predates on the American Mink.

Trivia

*A water vole named "Ratty" is a leading character in the children's book "Wind in the Willows" by Kenneth Grahame: the locality used in the book is believed to be Moor Copse.

*In the movie and comic novel, Cold Comfort Farm, by Stella Gibbons, one of the characters, "Urk", refers to the subject of his unrequited love, "Elfine Starkadder", as his little water vole. Throughout the story Urk spends a lot of time talking to the water voles on the farm.

References

*Musser, G. G. and M. D. Carleton. 2005. Superfamily Muroidea. Pp. 894-1531 "in" Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

External links

* [http://www.watervoles.org General information on Water Voles]