Louis Hartz

Louis Hartz (April 8, 1919 - January 20, 1986) was an American political scientist and influential liberal proponent of the idea of American exceptionalism.

Hartz was born in Youngstown, Ohio, the son of Russian immigrants, but grew up in Omaha, Nebraska. After graduating from Technical High School in Omaha, he attended Harvard University, financed partly by a scholarship from the "Omaha World Herald".

Career

Hartz graduated in 1940, spent a year traveling abroad on a fellowship, then returned to Harvard as a teaching fellow in 1942. He earned his doctorate in 1946 and became a full professor of government in 1956. Hartz was known at Harvard for his talented and charismatic teaching. He retired in 1974 due to ill health and spent his last years living in London, New Delhi, New York, then Istanbul, where he died.

Hartz is best known for his classic book "The Liberal Tradition in America" (1955) which presented an original view of America's past that sought to explain its conspicuous absence of ideologies. Hartz argued that American political development occurs within the context of an enduring, underlying Lockean liberal consensus, which has shaped and narrowed the landscape of possibilities for U.S. political thought and behavior. He attributed the triumph of the liberal worldview in America to its lack of a feudal past, and thus the absence of a struggle to overcome a conservative internal order; to its vast resources and open space; and to the liberal values of the original settlers, who represented only a narrow middle-class slice of European society. Hartz was chiefly concerned with explaining the failure of socialism to become established in America, and believed that Americans' pervasive, unthinking consensual acceptance of classic liberalism was the major barrier. Hartz thus firmly rejected Marxist ideas about the inevitability of class struggle.

In "The Founding of New Societies" (1964), Hartz developed the idea that the nations that developed from settler colonies were European "fragments" that in a sense froze the class structure and underlying ideology prevalent in the mother country at the time of their foundation, not experiencing the further evolution experienced in Europe. He considered Latin America and French Canada to be fragments of feudal Europe, the United States, English Canada, and Duch South Africa to be liberal fragments, and Australia and English South Africa to be "radical" fragments (incorporating the non-Socialist working class radicalism of early 19th century Britain).

Legacy

In 1956 the American Political Science Association awarded Hartz its Woodrow Wilson Prize for "The Liberal Tradition in America", and in 1977 gave him its Lippincott Prize, designed to honor scholarly works of enduring importance. The book remains a key text in the political science graduate curriculum in American politics in universities today, in part because of the extensive, long-running criticism and commentary Hartz's ideas have generated.

Books

*"Economic Policy and Democratic Thought: Pennsylvania 1776-1860". 1948. Harvard University Press.
*"The Liberal Tradition in America: An Interpretation of American Political Thought since the Revolution". 1955. Harcourt, Brace.
*"The Founding of New Societies: Studies in the History of the United States, Latin America, South Africa, Canada, and Australia". 1964. Harcourt, Brace & World. (edited).
*"The Necessity of Choice: Nineteenth-Century Political Thought". 1990. Transaction.

Journal Articles

*“Otis and Anti-Slavery Doctrine.” 1939. "New England Quarterly" 12(4): 745-747.
*“Seth Luther: The Story of a Working-Class Rebel.” 1940. "New England Quarterly" 13(3): 401-418.
*“Goals for Political Science: A Discussion.” 1951. "American Political Science Review" 45(4): 1001-1005.
*“American Political Thought and the American Revolution.” 1952. "American Political Science Review" 46(2): 321-342.
*“The Reactionary Enlightenment: Southern Political Thought before the Civil War.” 1952. "Western Political Quarterly" 5(1): 31-50.
*“The Whig Tradition in America and Europe.” 1952. "American Political Science Review" 46(4): 989-1002.
*“The Coming of Age of America.” 1957. "American Political Science Review" 51(2): 474-483.
*“Conflicts within the Idea of the Liberal Tradition.” 1963. "Comparative Studies in Society and History" 5(3): 279-284.
*“American Historiography and Comparative Analysis: Further Reflections.” 1963. "Comparative Studies in Society and History" 5(4): 365-377.
*“The Nature of Revolution.” 2005 [1968] . "Society" 42(4): 54-61.

Criticism

*Smith, Rogers. 1993. “Beyond Tocqueville, Myrdal and Hartz: The Multiple Traditions in America.” "American Political Science Review" 87(3): 549-566.
*Ericson, David and Louisa Green, eds. 1999. "The Liberal Tradition in American Politics: Reassessing the Legacy of American Liberalism". Routledge.

ources

*Barber, Benjamin. 1986. “Louis Hartz.” "Political Theory" 14(3): 355-358.
*Margolick, David. 1986. “Louis Hartz of Harvard Dies: Ex-Professor of Government.” "New York Times", 24 January.