Pfeffer's Flamboyant Cuttlefish

Taxobox
name = Pfeffer's Flamboyant Cuttlefish

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image_caption = "M. pfefferi" from Sipadan, Malaysia.
image_width = 200px
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Mollusca
classis = Cephalopoda
ordo = Sepiida
familia = Sepiidae
genus = "Metasepia"
species = "M. pfefferi"
binomial = "Metasepia pfefferi"
binomial_authority = (Hoyle, 1885)
synonyms =
*"Sepia (Metasepia) pfefferi"
Hoyle, 1885

Pfeffer's Flamboyant Cuttlefish ("Metasepia pfefferi") is a species of cuttlefish occurring in tropical Indo-Pacific waters off northern Australia, southern New Guinea, as well as numerous islands of the Philippines, Indonesia and Malaysia. Mark Norman of the Museum Victoria in Queensland, Australia, discovered that this unique species of cuttlefish is poisonous. [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/transcripts/3404_camo.html NOVA episode - Kings of Camouflage] ]

Distribution

The natural range of "M. pfefferi" extends from Mandurah in Western Australia (coord|32|33|S|115|04|E|scale:250000), northeastward to Moreton Bay in southern Queensland (coord|27|25|S|151|43|E|scale:250000), and across the Arafura Sea to the southern coast of New Guinea.Reid, A., P. Jereb, & C.F.E. Roper 2005. Family Sepiidae. "In:" P. Jereb & C.F.E. Roper, eds. "Cephalopods of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species known to date. Volume 1. Chambered nautiluses and sepioids (Nautilidae, Sepiidae, Sepiolidae, Sepiadariidae, Idiosepiidae and Spirulidae)". FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. No. 4, Vol. 1. Rome, FAO. pp. 57–152.] This species has also been recorded from Sulawesi and the Maluku Islands in Indonesia, and even as far west as the Malaysian islands of Mabul and Sipadan.Norman, M.D. 2000. "Cephalopods: A World Guide". ConchBooks.] They are also common in the Philippines and are frequently sighted in the Visayas.Fact|date=April 2008

The type specimen, a female, was collected off Challenger Station 188 in the Arafura Sea (coord|09|59|S|139|42|E|scale:250000) at a depth of 51 m on October 9, 1874, as part of the "Challenger" expedition. [ [http://www.cephbase.utmb.edu/biogeo/latlong.cfm?CephID=103 Latitude and Longitude Data for "Metasepia pfefferi"] ] It is deposited at The Natural History Museum in London. [ [http://www.mnh.si.edu/cephs/newclass.pdf Current Classification of Recent Cephalopoda] ]

Description

"M. pfefferi" is a robust-looking species, having a very broad, oval mantle. Arms are broad and blade-like, with arm pair I being shorter than the rest. The protective membranes are narrow in both sexes. Arm suckers are arranged in four rows. The modified arm used for fertilisation, called the hectocotylus, is borne on the left ventral arm. The oral surface of the modified region of the hectocotylus is wide, swollen, and fleshy. It bears transversely grooved ridges and a deep furrow running along the middle. The sucker-bearing surface of the tentacular clubs is flattened, with 5 or 6 suckers arranged in transverse rows. These suckers differ greatly in size, with the largest located near the centre of the club. Three to four median suckers are especially large, occupying most of middle portion of the club. The swimming keel of the club extends considerably near to the carpus. The dorsal and ventral protective membranes are not joined at the base of the club, but fused to the tentacular stalk. Dorsal and ventral membranes differ in length and extend near to the carpus along the stalk. The dorsal membrane forms a shallow cleft at the junction with the stalk. This particular species of cuttlefish is the only one known to walk upon the sea floor. Due to the small size of its cuttlebone, it can float only for a very limited time.

Most sources agree that "M. pfefferi" grows to 8 cm in mantle length, [Okutani, T. 1995. Cuttlefish and squids of the world in color. Publication for the 30th anniversary of the foundation of the National Cooperative Association of Squid Processors.] although others give a maximum mantle length of 6 cm. The dorsal surface of the mantle bears three pairs of large, flat, flap-like . Papillae are also present over the eyes.

The cuttlebone of this species is small, two thirds to three quarters the length of the mantle, and positioned in its anterior. Characteristically of the genus "Metasepia", the cuttlebone is rhomboidal in outline. Both the anterior and posterior of the cuttlebone taper gradually to an acute point. The dorsal surface of the cuttlebone is yellowish and evenly convex. The texture throughout is smooth, lacking bumps or pustules. The dorsal median rib is absent. A thin film of chitin covers the entire dorsal surface of the cuttlebone. The cuttlebone lacks a pronounced spine; if present, it is small and chitinous. The striated zone of the cuttlebone is concave, with the last loculus being strongly convex and thick in the front third. The sulcus is deep, wide, and extends along the striated zone only. Striae (furrows) on the anterior surface form an inverted V-shape. The limbs of the inner cone are very short, narrow, uniform in width, with the U-shape thickened slightly towards the back. The cuttlebone of "M. pfefferi" does not possess an outer cone, unlike that of most other cuttlefish species.

Habitat and biology

"M. pfefferi" has been recorded from sand and mud substrate in shallow waters at depths of 3 to 86 m. The species is active during the day and has been observed hunting fish and crustaceans. It employs complex and varied camouflage to stalk its prey. The normal base color of this species is dark brown. Individuals that are disturbed or attacked quickly change colour to a pattern of black, dark brown, and white, with yellow patches around the mantle, arms, and eyes. The arm tips often display bright red coloration to ward off would-be predators. Animals displaying this colour pattern have been observed using their lower arms to walk or "amble" along the sea floor while rhythmically waving the wide protective membranes on their arms. It has been suggested that this behavior advertises a poisonous or distasteful nature. The flesh of this cuttlefish is poisonous, containing a unique (previously undocumented) toxin. [ [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/camo/ NOVA, 2007. Cuttlefish: Kings of Camouflage.] [television program] NOVA, PBS, April 3, 2007.]

Reproduction

Copulation occurs face-to-face, with the male inserting a packet of sperm into a pouch on the underside of the female's mantle. The female then fertilises her eggs with the sperm. The eggs are laid singly and placed by the female in crevices or ledges in coral, rock, or wood. In one instance, around a dozen eggs were found under an overturned coconut half. They had been placed there by a female which had inserted them through the central hole of the husk. As such, the eggs were protected from predatory fish.

Freshly laid eggs are white, but slowly turn translucent with time, making the developing cuttlefish clearly visible. From birth, juvenile "M. pfefferi" are capable of the same camouflage patterns as adults.

Commercial value

A toxicology report has found and confirmed that the muscle tissue of Flamboyant Cuttlefish is highly toxic, making it only the third cephalopod and the only cuttlefish found to be toxic. Research by Mark Norman with the Museum Victoria in Queensland, Australia has shown the toxin to be as lethal as that of fellow cephalopod, the Blue-ringed octopus.

"M. pfefferi" represents no interest to fisheries as food for the above reason. If its supply were steady, the spectacular colour and textural displays of this species would make it an excellent candidate for private aquariums.

References

External links

* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zjycOCyUZ1c YouTube video of a Flamboyant Cuttlefish]
* [http://www.starfish.ch/c-invertebrates/cephalopods.html Habitat photos of the Flamboyant Cuttlefish]