Strategic Bombing Survey (Europe)

The United States Strategic Bombing Survey (Europe)

cite web|last=|first=|url=http://aupress.au.af.mil/Books/USSBS/USSBS.pdf |format=pdf |title=United States Strategic Bombing Surveys (European War) (Pacific War)|work=|date=October 1987|accessdate=2008-02-28|publisher=Air University Press] was established by the Secretary of War on 3 November 1944, pursuant to a Directive from President Roosevelt.

cite web|last=Anesi|first=Chuck|url=http://www.anesi.com/ussbs02.htm|format=html |title=Forward |work=United States Strategic Bombing Survey, Summary Report (European War)|date=1997|accessdate=2008-02-28|publisher=anesi.com] The report was to document an impartial and expert study of the effects of the 1943-1945

cite web|last=O'Neil|first=William|url=http://www.ussbs.com/|format=html |title=USSBS History • Reports • Data |work=William D. O'Neil Websites|date=February 16, 2006|accessdate=2008-02-28|publisher=] Anglo-American bombing of Nazi Germany, to be used in connection with air attack on Japan and:*to establish a basis for evaluating the importance and potentialities of air power as an instrument of military strategy,:*for planning the future development of the United States armed forces, and:*for determining future economic policies with respect to the national defense.

A summary report and some 200 supporting reports containing the findings of the Survey in Germany have been published. The report was released September 30 1945. The major conclusion of the report was that strategic bombing, particularly the destruction of the oil industry and truck manufacturing had major impact on the success of the Allies in World War II. However, despite the overall contribution of the bombing, the survey concluded that the impact of strategic bombing could not be separated from the general collapse of Germany in 1945.

uccess

The greatest claimed successes came in three crucial industrial areas:
* Oil: This shortage was decisive in the eventual immobilization of the German military.
* Ammunition: Production fell markedly in 1944 and the arms industry shipped bombs and shells packed partly with rock salt, as Germany ran out of nitrate, a vital ingredient. Finally, Albert Speer, head of the Nazi economy, shifted the last nitrogen from the war effort to agriculture because he believed the war was lost and next year's crops were more important.
* Truck manufacturing: Concentrated in three factories. Opel and Daimler Benz works were bombed. The Ford Motor Company plant at Cologne was not bombed, but went out of production because its suppliers had been bombed out.
* Submarine manufacturing was halted. [NOTE: The Strategic Bombing Survey (Europe) article claims "Submarine manufacturing was halted" by bombing, but the Strategic bombing during World War II article contradicts that claim: "the delays in deploying the new submarines cannot be attributed to air attack."]

Limited effects and production increases

* Aviation: "In 1944 the German air force is reported to have accepted a total of 39,807 aircraft of all types -- compared with 8,295 in 1939, or 15,596 in 1942 before the plants suffered any attack." According to the report, almost none of the aircraft produced in 1944 were used in combat and some may have been imaginary.
* Armor production "reached its wartime peak in December 1944, when 1,854 tanks and armored vehicles were produced. This industry continued to have relatively high production through February 1945."
* Ball bearings: "There is no evidence that the attacks on the ball-bearing industry had any measurable effect on essential war production."
* Dams & Long-range weapons: "The bombing of the launching sites being prepared for the V weapons delayed the use of V-l appreciably. The attacks on the V-weapon experimental station at Peenemunde, however, were not effective; V-l was already in production near Kassel and V-2 had also been moved to an underground plant. The breaking of the Mohne and the Eder dam, though the cost was small, also had limited effect."

cite web|last=|first=|url=http://www.usaaf.net/surveys/eto/ebs14.htm |format=html |title=Secondary Campaigns |work=United States Strategic Bombing Survey, Summary Report (European War)|date=September 30, 1945|accessdate=2008-02-28|publisher=usaaf.net]
* Steel: The bombing greatly reduced production, but the resulting shortage had no contribution to the defeat.
* Consumer goods: "In the early years of the war -- the soft war period for Germany -- civilian consumption remained high. Germans continued to try for both guns and butter. The German people entered the period of the air war well stocked with clothing and other consumer goods. Although most consumer goods became increasingly difficult to obtain, Survey studies show that fairly adequate supplies of clothing were available for those who had been bombed out until the last stages of disorganization. Food, though strictly rationed, was in nutritionally adequate supply throughout the war. The Germans' diet had about the same calories as the British."

The survey concluded that one reason German production rose in so many areas was in part that the German economy did not go on a complete war footing until late 1942 and 1943. Up until then, factories had been on a single shift in many industries and the German economy was generally inefficient and not operating at full capacity.

In August 1944 the Eighth Air Force had completed the preparation for and support of the Normandy invasion and was free to concentrate its efforts on the strategic defeat of Germany. German cities had been substantially destroyed by area bombing, primarily by the Royal Air Force, but German industrial production had been moved out of these cities to smaller facilities. The solution was to attack not the production capability directly but to plug the "bottleneck" essential for the German economy. This was transportation. Attacks were concentrated on railroad marshalling yards and the production of synthetic oil. A principal target was the large Leuna synthetic oil facility in the town of Merseburg close to Leipzig which produced one quarter of German oil. This was the world's most heavily defended target, exceeding that of Berlin. There had been repeated attacks earlier, but a strong effort was mounted starting on 2 November 1944 and consisting of four main attacks culminating on 6 December 1944. In consequence of this campaign oil production was greatly reduced over a four month period. Over four months German industrial production fell from ninety per cent of capacity to ten per cent.

References and Notes