Siege of Constantinople (1422)

Warbox
conflict=Siege of Constantinople
partof=the Rise of the Ottoman Empire and Byzantine-Ottoman wars.


caption=Constantinople in 1422; the oldest surviving map of the city.
date=1422
place=Constantinople
result=Byzantine Victory
combatant1=Byzantine Empire
combatant2=Ottoman Empire
commander1=John VIII Palaiologos "de facto" co-emperor with his retired Father Manuel II Palaiologos
commander2=Murad II
strength1=Unknown
strength2=Unknown
casualties1=Unknown
casualties2=Unknown
notes=

The First Full-scale Ottoman Siege of Constantinople took place in 1422 as a result of the Byzantine Emperor Manuel II's attempts to interfere in the succession of Ottoman Sultans, after the death of Mehmed I in 1421. This policy of the Byzantines was often used successfully in weakening their neighbours.

When Murad II emerged as the winning successor to his father, he marched into Byzantine territory. The Turks had acquired their own cannon for the first time by the siege of 1422, using "falcons", which were short but wide cannon.Stephen Turnbull, " [http://www.ospreypublishing.com/title_detail.php/title=S759X~ser=FOR The Walls of Constantinople, AD 324–1453] ", Osprey Publishing, ISBN 1-84176-759-X.] The two sides were evenly matched technologically, and the Turks had to build barricades "in order to receive… the stones of the bombards."

The Byzantine defenders won the battle. Contemporary Byzantine and Ottoman tradition ascribed the deliverance of Constantinople to a miraculous intervention by the Theotokos.

Aftermath

In spite of the Byzantine victory, the Empire at this time was facing economic problems, and Pius II promoted the affordable donation of cannon by European monarchs as a means of aid. Any new cannons after the 1422 siege were gifts from European states, and aside from these no other advances were made to the Byzantine arsenal. As such, the next Ottoman leader, Mehmed II, would be more successful in 1453.

Traditions

Traditional accounts, starting with contemporary Byzantine and Ottoman reports, attributed the lifting of the siege to an apparition of the Theotokos upon the city walls, which greatly inspired the defenders. John Kananos records that:

See also

References