Battle of Rakovor

:"This article is about a 1268 battle. See also battle of Rakvere (1603)."Infobox Military Conflict
conflict=Battle of Rakovor


caption=Map showing the location of the Battle of Rakovor in the context of the 13th century Livonia.
date=February 18 1268
place=Near Rakvere, Estonia
result=Russian victory. Cessation of German and Danish aggression for 30 years.
combatant1=Pskov Republic
Novgorod Republic
combatant2=Livonian Order
commander1=Daumantas of Pskov
Dmitry of Pereslavl
commander2=Otto von Lutterberg
strength1= Up to 30,000 troops
strength2= 9000 max

The Battle of Rakovor or Battle of Wesenberg or Battle of Rakvere was a battle fought on February 18, 1268, between the Livonian branch of the Teutonic Knights and a coalition of Russian princes. The Knights were beaten so thoroughly that they would not undertake a new campaign against Northern Russia for the following thirty years.

The two armies clashed within 7.5 kilometers (roughly 4.5 miles) from the Livonian town of Rakvere. Russian forces, numbering up to 30,000 troops, were led by Dmitry of Pereslavl (representing the Novgorod Republic) together with his future son-in-law, Daumantas of Pskov (representing the Pskov Republic).

Apart from the knights, the Livonian army included Danish forces (right flank) and local Estonian militia (left flank). The crusading army was led by the Livonian Ordensmeister Otto von Lutterberg.

The German forces deployed in their customary deep "boar's head" wedge of heavily armoured knights, called by the Russians the "great iron pig." These deep wedges had considerable penetrative power, but were unmaneuverable and vulnerable to flank attack due to the resulting narrow frontage of the army, facts which led to the ultimate defeat of the Knights at the Battle of Lake Peipus. As a result, the Germans attempted to remedy this situation at Rakovor by splitting their knightly assault force into two formations, deploying one wedge in the open and a second in ambush, so that when the first wedge was attacked on all sides by the Russians the second wedge would burst from ambush and in turn encircle the enemy.

The tactic worked well at first, as the wedge of German knights smashed the Novgorod and Pskov forces facing them, but then the second wedge, seeing the Russians in retreat, apparently assumed the battle was won and emerged from their ambush position to loot the Russian baggage. This abandonment of the battle plan led to the first wedge being encircled.

The fighting to reduce the first wedge was apparently terrific. "Neither our fathers nor grandfathers have witnessed such a terrible battle", reports the Novgorodian First Chronicle. [A.N. Nasonov, "Novgorodskaia Pervaia Letopis. starshego i mladshego izvodov" (Leningrad and Moscow: AN SSSR 1950), 86,316.] At last the Novgorodian militia prevailed, although its leader, the posadnik Mikhailo Fyodorovich, was killed in action.

The Russian princes pursued the knights up to Rakvere. Prince Daumantas of Pskov, whose bravery was recognized even in the German chronicles of the battle, pursued the defeated knights all the way to the coast of the Baltic Sea, and took substantial booty before returning to the Russian lines. Upon his return to his camp, Dmitry of Pereslavl discovered that it had been looted by another regiment of the knights. He decided to wait for the morning. Three days passed and no new attack ensued on the part of the knights. The Russian leaders claimed victory and returned to Novgorod in triumph.

References

* Nicolle, David. "Medieval Russian Armies 1250 - 1450". Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2002.