Midichloria

Midichloria
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Proteobacteria
Class:	Alpha Proteobacteria
Order:	Rickettsiales
Genus:	Midichloria

Midichloria is a genus of Gram-negative, non-sporeforming, bacteria, with bacillus shape of ~ 0.45 µm in diameter and ~1.2 µm in length. First described in 2004 with the temporary name IricES1[1], Midichloria are symbionts of the hard tick Ixodes ricinus. They live in the cells of the ovary of the females of this tick species. These bacteria have been observed in the mitochondria of the host cells[2], a trait that has never been described in any other symbiont of animals. Midichloria bacteria seem to consume the mitochondria they parasite, possibly using them as a source of energy and/or molecules to multiply. The interaction of these symbionts with their host is currently unknown, though the 100% prevalence in the females of the host tick seems to suggest a mutualistic association[3].

Species

Only one species is described in this genus: Midichloria mitochondrii. Molecular screenings, however, detected the presence of related bacteria in other tick species, as well as in other blood-sucking arthropods, suggesting the possibility of horizontal transmission of these bacteria.

Naming

The name of this bacterial genus, Midichloria (mi.di.chlo’ria. N.L. fem. n.) is derived from the midi-chlorians, a microscopic life form from the fictional Star Wars universe.

Genome

The genome of Midichloria mitochondrii was recently sequenced by a international scientific consortium formed by researchers belonging to the Università degli Studi di Milano, the University of Sydney, the Universitat de València, the Università degli Studi di Pavia and the University of Milan - Bicocca. The genome is 1.2 Mb and it is, for most characteristics, very similar to the genomes of the other Rickettsiales, with two notable exceptions. The genome of Midichloria mitochondrii contains the gene sets for the synthesis of the flagellum and of a cytochrome oxidase of the cbb3 kind.

Midichloria and the origin of mitochondria

the Rickettsiales are widely regarded as being the closest relatives to mitochondria. Based on the fact that the Midichloria genes for the flagellum and for the cbb3 cytochrome oxidase were proven to be ancestral it was inferred that they were present in the bacterium that established the symbiosis with the ancestor of the eukaryotic cell to become the mitochondrion. The sequencing of the genome of Midichloria mitochondrii thus allowed an updated reconstruction of the free-living mitochondrial ancestor. It was a motile bacterium able to survive in microaerofilic conditions. Both these characteristics may have played an important role in the beginning of the symbiosis between the eukaryotic cell and the mitochondrion.

References

• Beninati, T., Lo, N., Sacchi, L., Genchi, C., Noda, H., and Bandi, C. (2004) A novel alpha-proteobacterium resides in the mitochondria of ovarian cells of the tick Ixodes ricinus. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70: 2596-2602.
• Sacchi, L., Bigliardi, E., Corona, S., Beninati, T., Lo, N., and Franceschi, A. (2004) A symbiont of the tick Ixodes ricinus invades and consumes mitochondria in a mode similar to that of the parasitic bacterium Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus. Tissue Cell 36: 43-53.
• Lo N, Beninati T, Sacchi L, Bandi C (2006b). An alpha-proteobacterium invades the mitochondria of the tick Ixodes ricinus. In Insect Symbiosis II, edited by K. Bourtzis and T. Miller, CRC Press Boca Raton.
• Sassera D, Beninati T, Bandi C, Bouman EA, Sacchi L, Fabbi M, Lo N. (2006) 'Candidatus Midichloria mitochondrii', an endosymbiont of the tick Ixodes ricinus with a unique intramitochondrial lifestyle. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. Nov;56(Pt 11):2535-40.
• Epis S, Sassera D, Beninati T, Lo N, Beati L, Piesman J, Rinaldi L, McCoy KD, Torina A, Sacchi L, Clementi E, Genchi M, Magnino S, Bandi C. (2008) Midichloria mitochondrii is widespread in hard ticks (Ixodidae) and resides in the mitochondria of phylogenetically diverse species. Parasitology. 2008 135:485-494.
• Sassera S, Lo N, Epis S, D'Auria G, Montagna M, Comandatore F, Horner D, Peretó J, Luciano AM, Franciosi F, Ferri E, Crotti E, Bazzocchi C, Daffonchio D, Sacchi L, Moya A, Latorre A, Bandi C. (2011) Phylogenomic evidence for the presence of a flagellum and cbb3 oxidase in the free-living mitochondrial ancestor. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 10.1093/molbev/msr159