Haminoeoidea

Taxobox
name = Haminoeoidea
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Mollusca
classis = Gastropoda
subclassis = Orthogastropoda
superordo = Heterobranchia
ordo = Opisthobranchia
subordo = Cephalaspidea
superfamilia = Haminoeoidea
subdivision_ranks = Families
subdivision =
*Haminoeidae
*Bullactidae
*Smaragdinellidae

Haminoeoidea (Pilsbry, 1895) is a taxonomic superfamily of small sea snails or bubble shells, marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks in the suborder Cephalaspidea, the headshield slugs and bubble snails.

These cephalaspideans have distinct anatomical and morphological characteristics, but unfortunately many species have only been described from empty shells. For proper clarification of the taxonomy, those species still need the research necessary to provide a good description of the external and internal anatomy of the living animal.

Habitat

One can often find these bubble snails in enormous numbers, burrowing in mud on intertidal and sublittoral beds of green algae such as for example, the Sea lettuce ("Ulva lactuca").

hell description

These bubble snails have thin, inflated shells of ranging in shape from ovoid to flat and oval. They have an involute (sunken) spire.

Description of live animal

The soft parts of the animals can retract completely or partially into their shells, and yet this offers them scant protection, because the aperture is rather wide and there is no operculum. Furthermore, the shell is very fragile and can easily be crushed by a predator.

The cephalic shield of most species in this superfamily has two hind lobes that lie back on the front of the shell. The black eyes are usually buried just beneath the surface of the head.

Life habits

Haminoeid bubble snails are mostly herbivorous.

Predators

Their predators include species of carnivorous aglajids such as "Navanax inermis".

Families, genera, species within the Haminoeoidea

* Superfamily Haminoeoidea
** Family Haminoeidae
** Family Bullactidae Thiele, 1926
*** Genus "Bullacta" Bergh, 1901
**** "Bullacta exarata" Philippi, 1848 -- Distribution: China, Yellow Sea, Indo-Pacific
** Family Smaragdinellidae Thiele, 1925 -- Oval yellow-green shell with sunken spire; very large aperture.
*** Genus "Phanerophthalmus" A. Adams, 1850
**** "Phanerophthalmus cylindricus" (Pease, 1861) -- Distribution: Indo-Pacific, Hawaii
**** "Phanerophthalmus smaragdinus" Ruppell & Leuckart, 1828 -- Distribution: tropical Indo-West Pacific, Hawaii -- Length: 16 mm -- Description: herbivore with a rather small cephalic shield; small enclosed mantle cavity ending in an exhalant siphon; small shell is partially enclosed in the mantle; color: brown to purple.
*** Genus "Smaragdinella" A. Adams & Reeve, 1848
**** "Smaragdinella algirae" Forbes, 1844
**** "Smaragdinella calyculata" Broderip & Sowerby 1829 -- Distribution: Japan, Indo-Pacific -- Length: 8 mm -- Description: green mantle with dark green spots
**** "Smaragdinella sieboldii" A. Adams, 1864

References

Rudman, W.B. (1972g) The herbivorous opisthobranch genera Phanerophthalmus A. Adams and Smaragdinella A. Adams. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London, 40(3): 189-210, 11 figs.