Anthemius (praetorian prefect)

Flavius Anthemius was a high-ranking official of the late Roman Empire. He is notable as a Praetorian prefect of the East and effective regent of the Eastern Roman Empire during the later reign of Arcadius and the first years of Theodosius II, as well as for the construction of the first set of the famous Theodosian Walls.

Life

Anthemius was the grandson of Philippus, Praetorian Prefect in 346. [ [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104&query=head%3D%2318800 A dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, entry on "Theodosius II"] ] He rose to prominence during the reign of Arcadius, when he was appointed "comes sacrarum largitionum" ("Count of the Sacred Treasure") around 400 and later "magister officiorum" ("Master of the Offices"). [Bury, p.155] He occupied the latter position during the disturbances which followed St. John Chrysostom's final deposition from the patriarchate (Easter, 404). John's enemies demanded troops from him with which to disperse the crowd. At first he refused, but then yielded, declaring that they were responsible for the consequences. ["Catholic Encyclopedia"]

In 405 he was appointed consul (together with Stilicho for the Western Empire) and after the death of the Augusta Eudoxia he succeeded Aurelian as Praetorian Prefect of the East, becoming thus the second most powerful man in the Eastern Empire after the emperor. On April 28, 406, he was elevated to the rank of "patricius". ["Codex Theodosianus", Book IX, 34.10] The esteem in which he was held can be seen from Chrysostom's letter of congratulations to him on the Praetorian Prefecture, saying that "the office was more honoured by his tenure than he by the office". [Bury, Ch. VII] During the remaining years of Arcadius' reign he ran the affairs of the Empire, continuing his predecessor's consistent anti-German policy and trying to maintain the autonomy and integrity of the Eastern Empire. This brought him into conflict with the all-powerful Stilicho, who desired to take back the Prefecture of Illyricum and subordinate the Eastern Empire to the West. At the same time, Anthemius had to deal with the presence of Alaric I and his people in the Illyricum, and the continued insurgency of the Isaurians, who were devastating the southern provinces of Asia Minor. [Bury, p.159-160] Furthermore, Anthemius passed a number of new laws against paganism, Judaism and heresy.

When Arcadius died in 408, his son and successor Theodosius II was an infant of seven years. Anthemius assumed the regency, and showed remarkable talent. He initiated a new peace treaty with Persia, and, thanks also to Stilicho's death, was able to restore harmony in the relations of the imperial courts of Constantinople and Ravenna. He strengthened the fleet of the Danube, which protected the provinces of Moesia and Scythia, after the successful repulsion of an invasion in 409 by the Hunnic king Uldin. [Bury, Ch. VII]

He furthermore successfully regulated the grain supply of Constantinople, which came chiefly from Egypt and was under the authority of the urban prefect. In the past, shortages had occurred due to the lack of available ships, resulting in famines, the most recent one being in 408. In 409 therefore, Anthemius reorganized the grain transport and granted tax remits to the transporters, took measures to procure grain from elsewhere, and created an emergency fund for the procurement and distribution of corn to the citizens. ["Codex Theodosianus", Book XIII, 5.32] ["Codex Theodosianus", Book XIV, 16.1] He also took measures to ensure the regular collection of taxes (409), but in 414, he also gave a tax remit of all arrears for the years 368-407. ["Codex Theodosianus", Book XI, 28.9]

Defenses of Constantinople

The one work of Anthemius' that is still standing today is the main wall of the so-called Theodosian Walls. In the early 5th century, Constantinople had begun to outgrow the bounds set by Constantine, and so Anthemius initiated the construction of a new wall, about 1,500 m to the west of the old, which stretched for 6.5 kilometers between the Sea of Marmara and the suburb of Blachernae near the Golden Horn. The wall was finished in 413 and almost doubled the size of the city, a feat for which Bury called him "in a sense, the second founder of Constantinople". [Bury, p. 70]

In 414, Anthemius suddenly disappeared from the scene, and the regency was assumed by the Augusta Pulcheria, while the prefecture was assumed by Aurelian. His fate is unknown, but through his daughter's marriage to "magister militum" Procopius, he became grandfather to the later Western Emperor Anthemius.

Footnotes

Sources

* John Bagnell Bury, "History of the Later Roman Empire" Vol. I, Macmillan & Co., Ltd. 1923
* Catholic Encyclopedia, 1914 edition, [http://www.catholicity.com/encyclopedia/a/anthemius.html entry on "Anthemius"]