- History of Cieszyn and Těšín
:"This article is a short history of the towns of
Cieszyn andČeský Těšín . For the modern history after1920 , see each articles."History of Cieszyn and Těšín
The area of the towns of
Cieszyn andČeský Těšín has been populated bySlavs at least since7th century . According to the legend, in810 three sons of a prince – Bolko, Leszko and Cieszko, met here after a long pilgrimage, found a spring, and in their happiness decided to found a new settlement. They called it Cieszyn, from the words "cieszym się", "I'm happy". This well can be found at the ulica Trzech Braci ("Three Brothers Street"), just west of the town square. [ [http://www.staypoland.com/about_cieszyn.htm Cieszyn - Tourism | Tourist Information - Cieszyn, Poland | ] ] [The legend is inscribed on the [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/pl/thumb/2/2e/Cieszyn_studnia.jpg/450px-Cieszyn_studnia.jpg Well of the Three Brothers] in Cieszyn.]The first written reference about Cieszyn is in a document from Pope
Hadrianus IV for theWrocław bishop Valter fromApril 23 ,1155 . It was about thecastle of "Tescin", which was the centre of acastellany . Around the castle a town was founded on a fortified headland above theOlza River . The city rights are documented as of1290 , and later confirmed in1364 .The town shared history of
Silesia and after the feudal division of Poland in1138 was ruled byPiast dukes from Silesian line. The duchy belonged to the dukes ofUpper Silesia , and since1298 it recognized the overlordships of Kings ofBohemian dynasty. Since1343 , whenPoland acknowledgedBohemia n rule overSilesia , it shared history of Bohemian Silesia.In
16th century the town became one of the most important centres of trade and commerce, with significant manufactories of arms and jewelry. It also became a centre ofreformation .It became a direct
apanage of the Bohemian crown in1625 at the extinction of the male line of its dukes, and since1766 it bore the name of Saxe-Teschen, becausePrince Albert of Saxony , who married a daughter ofMaria Theresa of Austria , received it as part of his wife's dowry. In1822 , it was bestowed on theArchduke Charles of Austria , the victor of Aspern; it was inherited by his eldest son, and, at his death, in1895 it passed into the hands of his nephew, theArchduke Friedrich, Duke of Teschen .At the end of
19th century the population of the duchy was split betweenPoles andCzechs , with Poles being the majority and the numbers of Czechs declining. There were also significant German, Hungarian andJew ish minorities.At the end of
World War I local Polish and Czech self-governments were established. Both of them claimed that the wholeCieszyn Silesia belongs toCzechoslovakia orPoland respectively. To calm down friction which developed, the local self-governments concluded an interim agreement on division of the area, onNovember 5 ,1918 . The division was based on ethnic composition. However, by1919 the governments were swallowed by governments inPrague andWarsaw with the former arguing that the division was unfair. In particular, the only railway going to eastSlovakia (Kassa-Oderberg railway) went through the region and access to the railway was crucial: newly-formedCzechoslovakia was at war withHungarian Soviet Republic trying to establish control over Slovakia. This set the stage for conflict.Despite of the division being interim only,
Poland decided to organise polls to Polish parliament (Sejm ) inWarsaw in the area. Czechoslovakia claimed that no sovereign rule is to be executed in the disputed area before final solution is found and requested that the polls are not held in the area. Czechoslovak request was rejected byPoland and Czechoslovakia attacked the Polish part of the region on 23 January 1919 [Długajczyk 1993, 7.] [Zahradnik 1992, 59.] and forced Poland, which was at that time in war also with theWest Ukrainian National Republic over eastern Galicia, to withdraw from the bigger part of the so-calledZaolzie area. After the fight nearSkoczów a cease-fire was reached, signed inParis on3 February ,1919 . Poland was forced to recognize new borders running along theOlza River in1920 . Czechoslovakia received the western section (including theKarviná coal basin) and part of the Duchy capital known later asČeský Těšín , while Poland received the eastern section withCieszyn .Poland claimed the Czech section, eventually annexing it in October
1938 after theMunich Agreement . [Nowa Encyklopedia Powszechna PWN 1997, vol. VI, 981.] Teschen was annexed by Germany in1939 as a result of the Invasion of Poland. During theWorld War II city was a part ofNazi Germany . The1920 borders were restored in1945 . During the German occupation (1941 -1945 ) there was astalag camp in the town,Stalag VIII-D .Population
1900
* City 19,142 Germans 52%, Poles 43%, Czechs 5%
* Duchy 350,000 Germans 18%, Poles 55%, Czechs 27%ee also
*
Border conflicts between Poland and Czechoslovakia
*Duchy of Teschen Footnotes
References
* cite book
last = Długajczyk
first = Edward
authorlink = Edward Długajczyk
title = Tajny front na granicy cieszyńskiej. Wywiad i dywersja w latach 1919-1939
publisher = Śląsk
date = 1993
location = Katowice
pages =
doi =
isbn = 83-85831-03-7
* cite book
last = Wawreczka
first = Henryk
coauthors = Janusz Spyra and Mariusz Makowski
title = Těšín, Český Těšín na starých pohlednicích a fotografiích / Cieszyn, Czeski Cieszyn na starych widokówkach i fotografiach
publisher = Wart
date = 1999
location = Nebory, Třinec
pages =
doi =
isbn = 80-238-4804-6
* cite book
last = Wawreczka
first = Henryk
coauthors = Irena Adamczyk, Vlasta Byrtusová and Janusz Spyra
title = Cieszyn wczoraj i dziś / Český Těšín včera a dnes
publisher = Wart
date = 2001
location = Český Těšín
pages =
doi =
isbn = 80-238-7590-6
* cite book
last = Zahradnik
first = Stanisław
coauthors = and Marek Ryczkowski
title = Korzenie Zaolzia
publisher = PAI-press
date = 1992
location = Warszawa - Praga - Trzyniec
pages =
url =
doi =
oclc = 177389723
* cite encyclopedia
title = Zaolzie
encyclopedia = Nowa Encyklopedia Powszechna PWN
volume = VI
pages =
publisher = PWN
location= Warszawa
date = 1997
isbn = 83-01-11969-1
accessdate =External links
* [http://www.info.tesin.cz/index.php?lang=e Municipal website of Český Těšín, see the history section]
* [http://www.muzeum-cieszyn.ox.pl/tramwaje/indexen.html Cieszyn and Těšín Trams]
* [http://www.kc-cieszyn.pl/zaolzie1938/zaolzie.htm Documents and photographs about situation in Zaolzie in 1938]
* [http://www.militariacieszyn.republika.pl/cieszyn1939.htm History of Cieszyn during the World War II]
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