Robert Byrne

Robert Eugene Byrne (born April 20, 1928, New York City) is a leading American chess player, a Grandmaster, and a chess author. He won the U.S. Championship in 1972, and was a World Chess Championship Candidate in 1974. Byrne represented the United States a total of nine times in Chess Olympiads from 1952 to 1976, and won seven medals. He was the chess columnist from 1972 to 2006 for the "New York Times", which ran his final column (a recounting of his 1952 victory over David Bronstein) on November 12 2006. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/12/crosswords/chess/12chess.html?_r=1&oref=slogin]

Early years

Byrne and his younger brother Donald grew up in New York City and were among the "Collins Kids," promising young players who benefited from the instruction and encouragement of John W. Collins. Both ultimately became college professors and among the leading chess players in the country. They were part of a talented new generation of young American masters, which also included Larry Evans, Arthur Bisguier, and George Kramer.

Robert Byrne's first Master event was Ventnor City 1945, where he scored a respectable 4/9 to place 8th; the winner was Weaver Adams. He tied 1st-2nd in the Premier Reserves section at the U.S. Open Chess Championship, Pittsburgh 1946. College studies limited his opportunities for the next several years; he represented the U.S. in a 1950 radio match against Yugoslavia. In the Maurice Wertheim Memorial, New York 1951, Robert Byrne scored 6/11 for a tied 6-7th place; this was a Grandmaster round-robin with 6 of the world's top 36 players, and it was won by Samuel Reshevsky.

Byrne became an International Master based on his results at the 1952 Chess Olympiad at Helsinki (bronze medal on third board). In that same year he graduated from Yale University. He went on to become a professor of philosophy at Indiana University, and his academic career left him little time for chess. He did represent the U.S. in team matches against the Soviet Union at New York 1954 (losing 1.5-2.5 to Alexander Kotov), and Moscow 1955 (losing 0.5-3.5 to Paul Keres).

Grandmaster

Byrne placed shared 4-7th at the 1957 U.S. Open Chess Championship in Cleveland with 9/12, a point behind joint winners Bobby Fischer and Arthur Bisguier. Byrne did not play in his first U.S. Chess Championship until age 30 in 1958-59, placing tied 9-10th with 4/11; the winner was Bobby Fischer. But Byrne improved dramatically the next year in the same event to place 2nd with 8/11, ahead of Reshevsky and Pal Benko, as Fischer won again.

In 1960, Byrne increased his serious play, winning the U.S. Open Chess Championship at St. Louis, and taking a silver medal on third board at the Olympiad in Leipzig. A poor result of 8-11th places in the U.S. Championship 1960-61, with only 4.5/11, was balanced by his fine tied 2nd-5th places at Mar del Plata 1961 with 11.5/15, behind winner Miguel Najdorf. On that same South American trip, he dominated a small but strong event at Santa Fe with 6.5/7, ahead of Miroslav Filip, Aleksandar Matanović, and Hector Rossetto. In the U.S. Championship of 1961-62, he tied for 2nd-3rd places on 7/11, half a point behind Larry Evans. He placed 6th in the U.S. Championship 1962-63 with 6/11, as Fischer won again. He again placed 6th in the U.S. Championship 1963-64 with 5.5/11, as Fischer won with a perfect score.

In 1964, Byrne's third-place finish at the Buenos Aires tournament (behind Paul Keres and World Champion Tigran Petrosian), with 11.5/17, made him an International Grandmaster. Byrne shared 2nd-3rd places in the U.S. Championship 1965-66 with 7.5/11; Fischer won again, but Byrne defeated Fischer in their individual game. He shared the 1966 U.S. Open title with Pal Benko at Seattle. He scored 4.5/11 for a shared 8-10th place, in the U.S. Championship 1966-67, with Fischer winning. Byrne qualified for his first Interzonal tournament, Sousse 1967, but scored just 7.5/22, far short of advancing.

U.S. Champion, Candidate

By the late 1960s, he was playing chess semi-professionally. He won the 1972 U.S. Championship; after tying with Samuel Reshevsky and Lubomir Kavalek in the tournament proper, Byrne won the 1973 playoff at Chicago. Byrne achieved his career highlight of third place at the Leningrad Interzonal in 1973, with 12.5/17, which made him only the fourth American (after Samuel Reshevsky, Bobby Fischer, and Pál Benkő) to qualify for the Candidates Tournament (part of the world chess championship process). Byrne lost his first-round Candidates' match to former world champion Boris Spassky by 1.5-4.5 at San Juan, Puerto Rico 1974.

As a 1974 Candidate, Byrne was seeded directly to the 1976 Biel Interzonal, where he performed very strongly, but missed a playoff berth by only half a point, sharing 5-6th places with 11.5/17.

At the Olympiads

Byrne played nine times for the United States, with a total of (+51 =53 -12), for 66.8 per cent (according to olimpbase.org), and won seven individual and team medals. His detailed results follow.

* Helsinki 1952, board 3, 10.5/15 (+8 =5 -2), board bronze;
* Leipzig 1960, board 3, 12/15 (+9 =6 -0), board silver, team silver;
* Varna 1962, board 4, 8.5/13 (+7 =3 -3);
* Havana 1966, board 2, 6.5/13 (+3 =7 -3), team silver;
* Lugano 1968, board 4, 7.5/12 (+4 =7 -1);
* Skopje 1972, board 2, 9.5/14 (+6 =7 -1);
* Nice 1974, board 2, 12/16 (+8 =8 -0), team bronze;
* Haifa 1976, board 1, 7/10 (+5 =4 -1), team gold;
* Buenos Aires 1978, board 4, 4/8 (+1 =6 -1), team bronze.

Later career and legacy

When he became the columnist for the "Times" in 1972, he became less active as a player. He did, nevertheless, win tournaments at Torremolinos (1976-77), Harare (1983), and Lagos (1993). He has also been a frequent contributor to "Chess Life" magazine, the publication of the United States Chess Federation. He has chaired USCF's committee on masters' affairs and been one of its vice presidents. Byrne was inducted into the U.S. Chess Hall of Fame in 1994.

Throughout his career, Byrne improved his results level by level in major competitions, at the U.S. Open, the U.S. Championship, the Olympiad, and the Interzonal. He made original contributions in several opening systems. He was the first to play 6.Be3 against the Najdorf Variation of the Sicilian Defense (1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5.Nc3 a6 6.Be3); this system has been named for him and has been very popular since the mid-1980s. He developed the Byrne Variation against the King's Indian Defense in the Saemisch Variation, with a quick queenside expansion by Black. He used the Dutch Defense with success when that opening was rare at the top level. His opening repertoire was wide with both colors, and featured both Open and Closed games, which made him a challenge to prepare for. Byrne played competitively until age 74 in 2002, with an average of a couple of significant events per year even past age 60. He retired from writing his chess column at age 78.

Notable chess games

* [http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1438193, David Bronstein vs Robert Byrne, Helsinki Olympiad 1952, Queen's Gambit Accepted (D24), 0-1] Very impressive win over the 1951 World finalist.
* [http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1270696, Robert Byrne vs Miroslav Filip, Mar del Plata 1961, King's Indian Defence, Fianchetto Variation (E60), 1-0] Byrne defeats a player who became a Candidate the next year.
* [http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1101605, Miguel Najdorf vs Robert Byrne, Buenos Aires 1964, King's Indian Defence, Classical / Petrosian Variation (E93), 0-1] A key victory from the tournament where Byrne earned his GM title.
* [http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1044225, Bobby Fischer vs Robert Byrne, U.S. Championship, New York 1965-66, French Defence, Tarrasch / Guimard Variation (C03), 0-1] Byrne finds a very clever tactical possibility to bring down the phenomenal Fischer.
* [http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1132385, Robert Byrne vs Leonid Stein, Sarajevo 1967, Sicilian Defence, Accelerated Dragon Variation (B35), 1-0] Byrne defeats the Soviet champion Stein in one of his favourite variations.
* [http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1154324, Vladimir Savon vs Robert Byrne, Moscow 1971, King's Indian Attack (A07), 0-1] Another Soviet champion has to tilt his King right in Moscow.
* [http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1443710, Samuel Reshevsky vs Robert Byrne, U.S. Championship Playoff, Chicago 1973, King's Indian Defence, Classical Variation (E92), 0-1] A critical win which helped propel Byrne to the Interzonal later that year.
* [http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1162554, Bent Larsen vs Robert Byrne, Leningrad Interzonal 1973, King's Indian Defence, Saemisch Variation (E80), 0-1] Byrne upsets one of the tournament favourites by undermining Larsen's overextended centre.
* [http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1138499, Robert Byrne vs Mark Taimanov, Leningrad Interzonal 1973, Sicilian Defence, Taimanov Variation (B46), 1-0] Byrne overcomes Taimanov's patented defence.
* [http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1142159, Jan Timman vs Robert Byrne, Nice Olympiad 1974, Queen's Gambit Declined (D53), 0-1] One of the strongest young Grandmasters learns to respect the veteran Byrne.
* [http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1082308, Robert Byrne vs Viktor Korchnoi, Moscow 1975, Pirc Defence, Austrian Attack (B09), 1-0] Korchnoi's form during this period took him to two world championship challenges in the years ahead.
* [http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1126543, Robert Byrne vs Vasily Smyslov, Biel Interzonal 1976, French Defence, Winawer / Positional Variation (C19), 1-0] Byrne succeeds with a line which Smyslov himself had made famous in the 1940s.
* [http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1026533, Robert Byrne vs Joel Benjamin, U.S. Championship, Berkeley 1984, Sicilian Defence, Classical Richter-Rauzer Variation (B60), 1-0] Benjamin neglects his development and King safety, and pays the ultimate price.

Books

* "Beginning Chess" (1972)
* " Both Sides of the Chessboard" (1974) (with Iivo Nei)
* "New York Times Book of Great Chess Victories & Defeats" (1990) (collection of "Times" columns)

External links

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* [http://www.chessworld.net/chessclubs/statistics_pgn_rating_chart.asp?username=Byrne,Robert%20E Statistics at ChessWorld.net]