Jan Evangelista Purkyně

Jan Evangelista Purkyně (IPA2|ˈjan ˈɛvaŋɡɛlɪsta ˈpurkɪɲɛ) (also written Johannes Evangelists Purkinje, Audio|Cs-Jan Evangelista Purkyne.ogg|listen) (17 December 1787 - 28 July 1869) was a Czech anatomist, patriot, and physiologist.

Biography

Purkyně was born in Libochovice, Bohemia. In 1819 he graduated from the University of Prague with a degree in medicine, where he was appointed a Professor of Physiology after writing his doctoral dissertation. Working at the university, he discovered the Purkinje effect, whereby as light intensity decreases red objects seem to fade faster than blue objects of the same brightness. He published two volumes "Observations and Experiments Investigating the Physiology of Senses" and "New Subjective Reports about Vision", which contributed to the emergence of the science of experimental psychology. He created the world's first Department of Physiology at the University of Breslau in Prussia in 1839 and the world's first official physiology laboratory in 1842.

He is best known for his 1837 discovery of Purkinje cells, large neurons with many branching dendrites found in the cerebellum. He is also known for his discovery, in 1839 of Purkinje fibres, the fibrous tissue that conducts electrical impulses from the atrioventricular node to all parts of the ventricles of the heart. Other discoveries include Purkinje images, reflections of objects from structures of the eye, and the Purkinje shift, the change in the brightness of red and blue colours as light intensity decreases gradually at dusk. Purkyně also introduced the scientific terms plasma (for the component of blood left when the suspended cells have been removed) and protoplasm (the substance found inside cells).

Purkyně was the first to use a microtome to make wafer thin slices of tissue for microscopic examination and was among the first to use an improved version of the compound microscope. He described the effects of camphor, opium, belladonna and turpentine on humans in 1829, discovered sweat glands in 1833 and published a thesis that recognised 9 principal configuration groups of fingerprints in 1823. [Jan Evangelista Purkyně, "Commentatio de examine physiologico organi visus et systematis cutanei" (Breslau, Prussia: University of Breslau Press, 1823), 58 pages. See also: Harold Cummins and Rebecca Wright Kennedy, "Purkinje's observations (1823) on finger prints and other skin features," "The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology", vol. 31, no. 3 pages 343-356 (September/October 1940).]

Purkyně also recognised the importance of the work of Eadweard Muybridge. Purkyně constructed his own version of zoetrope which he called "forolyt". He put nine photos of him shot from various sides to the disc and entertained his grandchildren by showing them how he, an old and famous professor, is turning around at great speed. (Souček, 1963).

He was one of the best known scientists of his time. Such was his fame that when people from outside Europe wrote letters to him, all that they needed to put as the address was "Purkyně, Europe".

He is buried in the Czech National Cemetery in Vyšehrad, Prague, Czech Republic.

Legacy

The Masaryk University in Brno, Czech Republic, bore his name from 1960 to 1990, as did the standalone military medical academy in Hradec Kralové (1994 - 2004). Today a university in Ústí nad Labem bears his name: Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem (Univerzita Jana Evangelisty Purkyně v Ústí nad Labem).

Purkyně crater on the Moon is named after him, as is the asteroid 3701 Purkyně.

Footnotes

References

*Ludvík Souček, "Jak se světlo naučilo kreslit" ("How the light learned to draw"), SNDK, Prague, 1963, p.106-7.