Hrólfs saga kraka

Hrólfs saga kraka, the "Saga of King Hrolf kraki", is a late legendary saga on the adventures of Hrólfr Kraki and his clan, the Skjöldungs. The events can be dated to the late 5th century and the 6th century. It is believed to have been written in the period c. 1230 - c. 1450. 44 manuscripts survive, but the oldest one of them is from the 17th century, although a manuscript is known to have existed c. 1461 at the monastery of Möðruvellir in Iceland.

The saga elaborates on the same matter as several other sagas, and chronicles, in Scandinavian tradition, and also in the Anglo-Saxon poems "Beowulf" and "Widsith". In "Beowulf" and "Widsith", many of the same characters appear in their corresponding Old English forms: Hrólfr Kraki appears as Hroðulf, his father Helgi as Halga, his uncle Hróarr as Hroðgar, his grandfather Halfdan as Healfdene and their clan, the Skjöldungs, as the Scyldings. Moreover, some of their enemies also appear: Fróðo as Froda and king Aðils of Sweden as the Swedish king Eadgils. For a more thorough treatment, see Origins for Beowulf and Hrólf Kraki.

Bibliography and external links

*Anderson, Carl Edlund. "Formation and Resolution of Ideological Contrast in the Early History of Scandinavia". Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge, Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse & Celtic (Faculty of English). [http://www.carlaz.com/phd/]
* English translations of the Old Norse "Hrólfs saga kraka ok kappa hans" :
** "The Saga of Hrolf Kraki and his Champions". Trans. Peter Tunstall (2003). Available at [http://www.northvegr.org/lore/oldheathen/034.php Northvegr: The Saga of Hrolf Kraki] .
** "The Saga of King Hrolf Kraki". Trans. Jesse L. Byock (1998). London: Penguin. ISBN 014043593X. Selection from this translation are available at [http://www.viking.ucla.edu/hrolf/maincontents.html The Viking Site: Excerpts from "The Saga of King Hrolf Kraki"] .
** "King Hrolf and his champions" included in "Eirik the Red: And Other Icelandic Sagas". Trans. Gwyn Jones (1961). Oxford: Oxford World's Classics, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0192835300.
* Original texts:
** [http://www.heimskringla.no/original/fornaldersagaene/hrolfsagakraka.php Hrólfs saga kraka ok kappa hans in Old Norse from heimskringla.no]
** [http://server.fhp.uoregon.edu/IRE/Document.ire/Norse/html/0201i.html University of Oregon: Norse: Fornaldarsögur norðurlanda: Hrólfs saga kraka ok kappa hans]
** [http://saga.library.cornell.edu/saganet/?MIval=/ManuscriptSagasB&language=english&STitle=Hr%F3lfs%20saga%20kraka Sagnanet: Hrólfs saga kraka]
* Poul Anderson (1973). "Hrolf Kraki's Saga". New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 0345235622. New York: Del Rey Books. ISBN 0345258460. Reprinted 1988 by Baen Books, ISBN 0671654268. A modern retelling.
* [http://www.litencyc.com/php/sworks.php?rec=true&UID=13133 Literary Encyclopedia entry]