Khwaja Alimullah

Infobox_Monarch | name =Nawab Khwaja Alimullah
title =


caption =Nawab Khwaja Alimullah
reign =1843 - 1846
coronation =
predecessor =Naib Nizam Ghaziuddin Haider
successor =Nawab Khwaja Abdul Ghani
consort =Zinat Begum
issue =
royal house =Dhaka Nawab Family
father =Khwaja Ahsanullah the Senior
mother =
date of birth =?
place of birth =Begum Bazaar, Dhaka
date of death =death date|1854|8|24|df=y
place of death =Dhaka
place of burial=Begum Bazaar, Dhaka|

Khwaja Alimullah was the first Nawab of Dhaka. He was the founder of the Dhaka Nawab Family. He was the nephew and heir of the merchant prince Khawaja Hafizullah, son of Khwaja Ahsanullah, and father of Khwaja Abdul Ghani, the first Nawab of Dhaka to be recognized by the British Raj.

Legacy of Khwaja Hafizullah

The ancestors of the Khwajas are said to have been traders of gold dust and skins in Kashmir. The earliest founding man of the Dhaka Nawab Estate is Maulvi Hafizullah, who upheld the family tradition and made his fortune in trade and commerce. Leather and salt were the major items of his business together with Greek trading partners. In collaboration with the Greek and Armenian merchants in Dhaka, he developed a flourishing business in hides and skins, salt and spices.

Alimullah took major responsibilities in the business of Hafizullah, whom raised in childhood, since the early death of Ahsanulla (his brother and Alimullah's father) in 1795, and groomed as an estate manager. Alimullah, an enterprising man himself, acquired extensive profitable landed property in and around Dhaka city, as well as in Barisal District, Khulna District, Dhaka, Mymensingh and Tripura, in his own name. He also had a moneylending business and was one of the major shareholders and directors of Dhaka Bank.

During this time, zamindari estates of the defaulting proprietors were on sale everywhere in Bengal under the operation of Permanent Settlement. Hafizullah purchased some zamindari estates and indigo factories in Barisal. Those purchases included Atia pargana in the then Mymensingh district (now in the Tangail district) and Aila Phuljhuri in the Bakarganj Sundarbans.

On Khwaja Hafizullah's death, his estate descended on Alimullah, who became the sole heir to his enormous wealth. His landed acquisitions were added to those of his uncle, and the merger effected due to an absence of any surviving male successor of Hafizullah, consequently made the united zamindari one of the biggest in the province.

Foundation of the Estate

Before his death (1854), Alimullah made an "waqf" (vestment) for a united status of the zamindari, turning all his property, landed and otherwise, into an indivisible family concern. The property was to be managed jointly by a "mutwalli" (Administrator), a responsibility which descended upon his second son Khwaja Abdul ghani Mia.

This measure saved the Khwaja Estate from sub-division and fragmentation like other landed estates through a series of successions and transfers. It empowered the Mutawalli to administer the zamindari and other concerns of the family as representative and sole spokesman of the family. He also was to distribute the family income in the form of individual allowances stipulated in the "waqfnama" (deed of the waqf).

Over and above these responsibilities, the mutawalli was to appoint his successor from amongst family members deemed to be most competent to manage the family affairs. This system laid the foundation of the Dhaka Nawab Family, the last of roayls of Dhaka.

Life and work

A member of the Dhaka Municipal Committee, Khwaja Alimullah took part very actively in the corporate activities of the city, including playing an important role in the preservation of the Lalbagh Fort. He made a wakq of the income of his estate at Atiya Pargana in Tangail for the welfare of the destitute.

Since the death of Ghaziuddin Haider, the last of the Naib Nazims of Dhaka in 1843, Khwaja Alimullah, a Sunni Muslim himself, bore all the expenses of Muharram, the central festival of the Shi'ite Muslims, and was appointed by the government as the mutwalli of Husseini Dalan, the shrine of the Shi'ites in Dhaka.

Through a long association with Eurasian and European business partners, Khwaja Alimullah acquired their lifestyle and habits. He bought thoroughbred horses for racing and made a modest stable for them, and used to go hunting with horses and elephants. He earned considerable fame as an organiser of sports by setting up the Ramna Racecourse and the Gymkhana Club.

Besides sports and games, Alimullah also developed a fancy for jewels. He purchased the famous diamond Dariya-i-Noor at a government auction. He also bought many unique precious jewellery of the house of the Naib Nazim Ghaziuddin Haider when he became heavily indebted due to the English government stopping his allowance on charges of immoral activities.

Alimullah also introduced dance, music and mushairah (literary meet) into the Khwaja family.

Ahsan Manzil

In 1830, Alimullah purchased the French Trading House at Kumartuli on the bank of the Buriganga as part of his land aquistions in and around Dhaka. The French bought it from Matiullah, whose father, Sheikh Enayetullah, a zamindar of Jamalpur pargana in Barisal during Mughals reign, built it as his "Rang Mahal" (pleasure house). Alimullah converted it into his residence, effecting necessary reconstruction and renovations, which was carried further by his son and successor Khwaja Abdul Ghani. This mini palace subsequently became the nucleus of the Ahsan Manzil, the residential palace and the "kachari" (administrative office) of the Nawabs of Dhaka. It is now a national heritage museum of Bangladesh.

Baigunbari Hunting Park

The Hunting Park at Baigunbari, Sadullahpur mauja, Biralia Union, Savar, was a hunting and pleasure park of the Nawabs of Dhaka. Khwaja Alimullah proclaimed the forest land of Sadullapur as a wildlife sanctuary, and the started setting the hunting park, which was completed by Khwaja Abdul Ghani. The hunting park, an area naturally conducive for breeding animals and birds for hunting, used to feature various species of indigenous and exotic deer, peacocks, wild-cocks, francoline partridges, hares etc. and set them free in the forest for breeding. There also were plenty of huntable hogs and various types of birds on the banks of the lakes of the forest. By 1895, the area set apart as an exclusive hunting ground for the Nawab of Dhaka and his guests, became an attraction for illegal hunters.

Daria-i-Noor

Khwaja alimullah purchased the famous diamond "Daria-i-Noor" ["Sea of Light"; Persian: دريا ("Daria", meaning Sea), Persian: نور ("Noor", meaning Light)] for Tk 75 thousand when it was auctioned on behalf of the British government by Hamilton and Company of Calcutta in November 1852. It was auctioned after it was exhibited, along with another famous Indian diamond "Koh-i-Noor" or the "mountain of light", in 1850 at the Great Exhibition at Hyde Park organised in honour of Queen Victoria. As it did not get the expected price at the exhibitions, Daria-i-Noor was sent back to India to be sold in an auction.

The 26-carat (5.2 g) oblong table-shaped diamond is largest and most precious jewel stone in Bangladesh. It is believed to be quarried in a south Indian mine, like the Koh-i-Noor. It is set in the centre of a gold armlet, with ten 5-carat (1 g) oval shaped smaller diamonds around it, used by the Nawabs of Dhaka, who also used as it an ornament on the turban. It is now preserved in a vault of Sonali Bank.

hahbag

In 1840 khwaja alimullah bought the two garden-houses set up by Aratun, the Armenian businessman, and Griffith Cook, the British Justice, in the Sujatpur area. He renamed the area as Shahbag ("Garden of Kings") and started a project to bring back the splendour to the area known in the Mughal times as Bag-e-Badshahi (also "Garden of Kings"). He also bought much of vast medow, known as Ramna, between the garden houses and the Sujatpur Palace flanked by Nurkhan Bazaar (set up by Nuruddin Hossain).

References

Principal Sources:
* [http://banglapedia.org/HT/A_0195.htm Banglapedia (The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh)]
* [http://www.nawabbari.com/index.html Nawab Bari (The Official Website of Dhaka Nawab Family)]

Other Sources:
*Marchioness of Dufferin & Ava, "Our Viceregal life in India", London, 1890
*Sayid Aulad Hasan, "Notes on the Antiquities of Dacca", Dacca, 1912
*Lord Charles Hardinge, "My Indian Years: 1910-1916", London, 1948
*S.M. Taifoor, "Glimpses of Old Dhaka (revised edn.)", 1956
*A.H. Dani, "Dacca: A Record of its Changing Fortunes (revised edn.)", 1962
*Azimusshan Haider, "Dacca: History and Romance in Place Names", 1967
*Rahman Ali Taesh (translated in to Bangla by AMM Sharfuddin), "Tawarikhey Dhaka", 1985
*Bhai Nahar Shing & Kirpal Shing (ed), "History of Kohinoor, Darya-i-Noor & Taimur's Ruby", 1985
*Hakim Habibur Rahman (translated in to Bangla by Moulana Akram Faruque and Ruhul Amin Choudhury), "Asudganey Dhaka", 1990
*Muntasir Mamoon, "Dhaka: Smrti Bismrtir Nagari", 1993