Hurricane Michelle

Infobox Hurricane
Name=Hurricane Michelle
Type=hurricane
Year=2001
Basin=Atl
Image location=Hurricane Michelle 2001.jpg


Formed=October 29, 2001
Dissipated=November 6, 2001
1-min winds=120
Pressure=933
Da

Inflated=2
Fatalities=17 direct, 26 missing
Areas=Nicaragua, Honduras, Jamaica, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Florida, Bahamas
Hurricane season=2001 Atlantic hurricane season

Hurricane Michelle was the 13th named storm and one of the strongest hurricanes of the 2001 Atlantic hurricane season. Michelle developed from a tropical wave that moved across the Atlantic, and formed into tropical depression Michelle on the 29 October. Still weak, shower activity increased, and formed into tropical storm Michelle on November 1. It strengthened more, until reaching its peak strength as a Category 4. One of only four November Category 4 hurricanes, Michelle made landfall on south-central Cuba with winds of 140 mph (225 km/h), the strongest Cuban landfall since Hurricane Fox in the 1952 season. The hurricane brought torrential rains across its path from Central America through the Greater Antilles, killing 17 people and causing widespread damage.

Meteorological history

A Tropical wave moved off of the west coast of Africa on October 16.cite web|author=Beven|title=hurricane Michelle|year=2002|publisher=NHc|accessdate=2007-12-09|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2001michelle.html] The tropical wave moved across the open Atlantic, and reached the Lesser Antilles on October 23.cite web|author=Beven|title=hurricane Michelle|year=2002|publisher=NHc|accessdate=2007-12-09|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2001michelle.html] Still a weak tropical wave, shower activity increased on October 26, when the wave was located in the Caribbean. At this time, a broad low pressure area developed near the coast of Nicaragua. cite web|author=Beven|title=hurricane Michelle|year=2002|publisher=NHc|accessdate=2007-12-09|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2001michelle.html] A gradual strengthening period began, and a Hurricane Hunters aircraft had found that the tropical wave had intensified to a tropical depression on October 29.cite web|author=Beven|title=hurricane Michelle|year=2002|publisher=NHc|accessdate=2007-12-09|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2001michelle.html]

The depression meandered over Nicaragua for 36 hours. A north-northeastward track that began early on the 31st brought the center back over the Caribbean waters later that day near Cabo Gracias a Dios on the border between Honduras and Nicaragua.cite web|author=Beven|title=hurricane Michelle|year=2002|publisher=NHc|accessdate=2007-12-09|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2001michelle.html] The system strengthened and was named "Tropical Storm Michelle" on November 1, to the north of Cabo Gracias.cite web|author=Beven|title=hurricane Michelle|year=2002|publisher=NHc|accessdate=2007-12-09|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2001michelle.html] Michelle moved slowly north-northwestward on the 1st and steadily intensified.cite web|author=Beven|title=hurricane Michelle|year=2002|publisher=NHc|accessdate=2007-12-09|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2001michelle.html] It became a hurricane on the 2nd while it tracked slowly northward. Rapid intensification then occurred. The central pressure fell from 988 mb on the 2nd to 937 mb on the 3rd – a decrease of 51 mb in about 29 hours.cite web|author=Beven|title=hurricane Michelle|year=2002|publisher=NHc|accessdate=2007-12-09|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2001michelle.html] Michelle turned slowly north-northeastward after November 3, while some fluctuations in intensity occurred. It reached a peak intensity of 140 mph (225 km/h) on the 4th while accelerating northeastward. This motion brought the center of Michelle to the off the southwest shore of Cuba, that day as a Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale, and to the Cuban mainland near the Bay of Pigs about 5 hours later.cite web|author=Beven|title=hurricane Michelle|year=2002|publisher=NHc|accessdate=2007-12-09|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2001michelle.html] Michelle's circulation was disrupted by Cuba's land. It then accelerated northeastward through the Bahamas. The center moved off the coast of Cuba near, passed over Andros Island near, and over Eleuthera Island near. Michelle became a vigorous extratropical cyclone aroundon the 6th, and the center could be followed for another 18 hours before being absorbed into a strong Cold front..cite web|author=Beven|title=hurricane Michelle|year=2002|publisher=NHc|accessdate=2007-12-09|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2001michelle.html]

Preparations

On November 1, as a result of the formation of Michelle, a hurricane watch was issued for Western Cuba. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2001michelle.html#TABLE5 National Hurricane Center Tropical Cyclone Report ] ] On November 2, a Tropical storm watch was issued for Grand Cayman Island , and a Hurricane watch was issued for Cuba. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2001michelle.html#TABLE5 National Hurricane Center Tropical Cyclone Report ] ] On November 3, a Tropical storm warning and a hurricane watch were issued for Florida Keys, and the Hurricane watch was upgraded to hurricane warning Western and Central Cuba including provinces from Pinar Del Rio to Ciego de Avila and the Isle of Youth. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2001michelle.html#TABLE5 National Hurricane Center Tropical Cyclone Report ] ] On November 4, a Tropical storm warning was issued for Florida's east coast from Jupiter Inlet to Ocean Reef and Florida west coast south of Bonita Beach.A Tropical storm warning was issued in the Cayman Islands.A Hurricane warning was issued for the Florida Keys from Ocean Reef to the Dry Tortugas including Florida Bay.The Hurricane watch was upgraded to hurricane warning for Northwestern and Central Bahamas including Grand Bahama, the Abacos, the Berry Islands, Bimini, Andros, New Providence, Eleuthera, Cat Island, Exumas, San Salvador, Rum Cay, and Long Island. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2001michelle.html#TABLE5 National Hurricane Center Tropical Cyclone Report ] ] On November 5, a Hurricane watch was issued Bermuda.A Gale warning issued Florida east coast from Cocoa Beach to Jupiter Inlet.. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2001michelle.html#TABLE5 National Hurricane Center Tropical Cyclone Report ] ]

Impact

Hurricane Michelle brought torrential rains along its path through the western Caribbean Sea, killing 17 people and causing extensive damage in Central America and Cuba.

Jamaica

As the tropical wave that would become Michelle was drifting through the western Caribbean Sea, it produced torrential rainshowers on the island of Jamaica. When the hurricane passed to the northwest, it brought more rainfall, amounting to a 10-day total of convert|37.44|in|mm at Comfort Castle. Many other locations across the island recorded over convert|15|in|mm, resulting in widespread mudslides and moderate property damage, killing 2 people. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2001michelle.html NHC Michelle Report] Many roads were blocked, and numerous houses were either damaged or destroyed. [http://wwwnotes.reliefweb.int/w/rwb.nsf/480fa8736b88bbc3c12564f6004c8ad5/758d7944f8e2c090c1256b0500448a0f?OpenDocument Jamaica News Reports] ] Damage on Jamaica totaled to $18 million (2001 USD, $19.1 million 2006 USD). [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~floods/Archives/2001sum.htm 2001 Flood Archive] ]

Central America

As Tropical Depression Fifteen was drifting over Central America, it dropped torrential rains, forcing over 100,000 people from their homes from Panama through Honduras. In Honduras, the deadly flooding led to overflown rivers and mudslides, cutting off around 100 villages in the department of Gracias a Dios from the rest of the country. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2001michelle.html National Hurricane Center Tropical Cyclone Report ] ] Bridges, roads, and houses were destroyed across the coastal areas of Central America, with extensive corn and bean crop damage, affecting millions. In areas where the rain was not extreme, the precipitation was welcome to farmers, helping to end a severe drought that had been in place all year. Other drought areas denounced the extreme flooding that destroyed the rest of their crops. [http://wwwnotes.reliefweb.int/w/rwb.nsf/480fa8736b88bbc3c12564f6004c8ad5/773893945fac52b0c1256af8005002ca?OpenDocument Central America News Reports] ] Though south of where the depression came ashore, Costa Rica experienced flooding in the north part of the country, forcing thousands to evacuate. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2001michelle.html National Hurricane Center Tropical Cyclone Report ] ]

Michelle was responsible for 6 deaths in Honduras and 4 deaths in Nicaragua, with an extensive yet unknown amount of damage. An additional 26 people were reported missing in Central America. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2001michelle.html National Hurricane Center Tropical Cyclone Report ] ] The areas most affected by the storm coincided with the areas ravaged by Hurricane Mitch almost exactly three years prior. [http://wwwnotes.reliefweb.int/w/rwb.nsf/480fa8736b88bbc3c12564f6004c8ad5/c04f9095dfa40bde85256afb005a2bbe?OpenDocument Flooding Coincides with Mitch] ]

Cayman Islands

Hurricane Michelle brought heavy surf, storm surge, and flooding in the Cayman Islands. Grand Cayman experienced about $28 million in damage, mostly along the west coast. No casualties were reported. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2001michelle.html National Hurricane Center Tropical Cyclone Report ] ]

Cuba

In Cuba, about 750,000 people and 741,000 animals were evacuated prior to the hurricane's arrival. [http://wwwnotes.reliefweb.int/w/rwb.nsf/480fa8736b88bbc3c12564f6004c8ad5/f710706ed85f3bb785256afc006e4f92?OpenDocument Cuba News Reports] ] Hurricane Michelle quickly crossed the island as a Category 4 hurricane, the strongest since 1952's Hurricane Fox. To the south of Cuba, Cayo Largo del Sur received a 9-10 foot storm surge, inundating the entire island with water. Closer to Cuba, the Isle of Youth experienced convert|11.83|in|mm of rain with convert|15|ft|m|sing=on waves, causing extensive power outages and flooding. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2001michelle.html National Hurricane Center Tropical Cyclone Report ] ]

On the coast of western and southern Cuba, Michelle produced 4-5 foot waves, along with a heavy storm surge. Rainfall amounts up to 754 mm/29.69 inches were recorded across the island.cite web|author=Instituto Nacional de Recursos Hidráulicos|year=2003|title=Lluvias intensas observadas y grandes inundaciones reportadas|language=Spanish|accessdate=2007-02-10|url=http://www.hidro.cu/hidrologia1.htm] In addition, 300 mm/11.83 inches was reported at Punta del Este. The provinces of Matanzas, Villa Clara, and Cienfuegos were hardest hit, where 10,000 homes were destroyed and another 100,000 damaged. Severe damage was also reported to the sugar cane [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2001michelle.html National Hurricane Center Tropical Cyclone Report ] ] and in the tourist town of Varadero. In Havana, winds and rain destroyed 23 buildings, with many others damaged. Due to well-executed warnings and evacuations, only 5 people were killed in Cuba. [http://www.cuba-junky.com/cuba/hurricane.htm Historic Cuba Hurricanes] ] The Category 4 hurricane caused $1.8 billion in damage (2001 USD, $1.98 billion 2006 USD). [http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/NHR-Cuba.pdf Hurricane Vulnerability in Latin America and the Caribbean] ]

The United States offered aid to the island, an act it had done in the past despite a political embargo. [http://wwwnotes.reliefweb.int/w/rwb.nsf/480fa8736b88bbc3c12564f6004c8ad5/e2d3e4ae586c2ce885256afd00720b75?OpenDocument U.S. Aid] ] President Fidel Castro refused, believing his country would survive with enough resources for the reconstruction process. [http://wwwnotes.reliefweb.int/w/rwb.nsf/480fa8736b88bbc3c12564f6004c8ad5/94987f742181f60b85256afc006ad1af?OpenDocument Cuba Refuses Aid] ]

Florida

Michelle barely grazed South Florida with 50 mph (80 km/h) wind gusts, 2-3 inches of rain, and two weak tornadoes, resulting in $20,000 in damage (2001 USD, $22,000 2006 USD). No one was killed in Florida as a result of the storm. The hurricane's prolonged easterly winds caused significant beach erosion on Florida's east coast, while the west coast experienced a 1-3 foot storm surge. A NOAA WP-3D Orion hurricane hunter aircraft was damaged during a mission into the storm. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2001michelle.html National Hurricane Center Tropical Cyclone Report ] ]

Bahamas

Because Hurricane Michelle was weakened and moving rapidly as it moved through the Bahamas, no deaths or damage were reported. The hurricane still retained some of its strength, and caused convert|12.64|in|mm of rain in Nassau, while New Providence received a storm surge of 5-8 feet. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2001michelle.html National Hurricane Center Tropical Cyclone Report ] ]

Retirement

Because of its effects, the name Michelle was retired in the spring of 2002 and will never again be used for an Atlantic hurricane. The name was replaced with Melissa in the 2007 season.

Aftermath

Ships carrying tons of frozen chicken legs and corn arrived in Havana's harbor on December 16, to aid in the recovery of Cuba from Hurricane Michelle. The shipments are part of a one-time $30 million purchase of U.S. food by the Cuban government to assist in the country's present food shortage. [http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/ACOS-64BN3A?OpenDocument Situation Reports: Caribbean: Hurricane Michelle - Nov 2001, November storm leaves Cuba dependent on outsiders ] ]

The Cuban government refused an initial U.S. offer of humanitarian assistance, but accepted a proposal to purchase the goods instead. Although the United States has maintained an economic embargo on Cuba for decades, U.S. law does allow shipments of food and medicine to the communist-controlled island. But until now the Cuban government has refused to buy American food because of the restrictions, including a ban on direct U.S. financing of food sales. [http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/ACOS-64BN3A?OpenDocument Situation Reports: Caribbean: Hurricane Michelle - Nov 2001, November storm leaves Cuba dependent on outsiders ] ] .

Other aid from the international community is helping Cuba survive Michelle's aftermath. Cuba was promised $600,000 in aid from Chinese leader Li Peng, who was visiting when the hurricane struck. Venezuela also sent humanitarian assistance.. [http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/ACOS-64BN3A?OpenDocument Situation Reports: Caribbean: Hurricane Michelle - Nov 2001, November storm leaves Cuba dependent on outsiders ] ]

See also

* List of wettest tropical cyclones in Cuba since 1963
* List of retired Atlantic hurricane names

References

External links

* [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2001michelle.html NHC Michelle Report]
* [http://wwwnotes.reliefweb.int/w/rwb.nsf/vLND/013F6D830815015CC1256AF8005F2438?OpenDocument&StartKey=Caribbean:+Hurricane+Michelle+-+Nov+2001&ExpandView Michelle News Reports]