Via Aemilia

Via Aemilia (It. "Via Emilia") was a trunk Roman road in the north Italian plain, running from "Ariminum" (Rimini), on the Adriatic coast, to "Placentia" (Piacenza) on the river "Padus" (Po). It was completed in 187 BC. The "Via Aemilia" connected at Rimini with the Via Flaminia to Rome, which had been completed 33 years earlier.

History

The land today known as northern Italy ("Italia settentrionale") was known to the ancient Romans during the republican period (to 44 BC) as Gallia Cisalpina (literally: Gaul on the near - i.e. southern - side of the Alps). This is because it was then inhabited by Celtic tribes from Gaul, who had colonised the area in the 5th and 4th centuries BC. "Italia" meant the area inhabited by Italic tribes: the border between "Italia" and "Gallia Cisalpina" was roughly a line between "Pisae" (Pisa) and "Ariminum" (Fig.1).

"Gallia Cisalpina" contained the "pianura padana" (Po river plain). This vast country, by far the largest fertile plain in the mountainous peninsula, contained potentially its best agricultural land, and offered the Romans the opportunity to expand enormously their population and economic resources by mass colonisation.

The Romans subjugated the Gauls of the "pianura padana" in a series of hard-fought campaigns in the late 3rd century BC. [Polybius "Histories" II 20-34] By 220 BC, the "Via Flaminia" was complete, providing the Romans with ready access to the region. The "Via Aemilia" would probably have followed within the next decade.

However, Roman expansion was delayed for some twenty years by the Second Punic War. During the Carthaginian general Hannibal's invasion of Italy (218 BC-203 BC), Roman military control of the "pianura padana" was temporarily overthrown. Many of the recently defeated tribes (such as the Insubres and the Boii) rebelled and joined forces with Hannibal in the hope of regaining their independence. [Polybius "Histories" III 61-71] It was not until 189 BC that the rebel tribes had been pacified sufficiently to allow work on the "Via Aemilia" to begin.

The time-tested Roman method of expansion was to build a brand new road straight through the newly-conquered territory, and then establish a string of colonies, either of civilian settlers or of military veterans along its route. The settlers would be allocated fertile plots from lands confiscated from the defeated native peoples. This was the precise function of the "Via Aemilia": its period of construction also saw the foundation of Roman colonies along its whole length at "Bononia" (Bologna) (founded 189 B.C. Fig 2), "Mutina" (Modena), "Regium" (Reggio Emilia) and Parma (all founded in 183 BC).

Route

The "Via Aemilia" was completed by, and named after, the Roman consul Marcus Aemilius Lepidus in 187 BC. [Livy "Ab Urbe Condita" XXXIX 1; Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum 617] It ran, largely in a straight line, 176 Roman miles (162 miles; 259 km) NW from Rimini to its termination at Piacenza, passing through the cities of Forli, Faenza, Bologna (Fig 2), Modena, Reggio, and Parma.The road ran along the southern edge of the pancake-flat "pianura padana" within sight of the northern foothills of Italy's Appennine mountains, crossing numerous tributary rivers of the Po, notably the Rubicone near Rimini- although it is not certain that this river is the same as the famous Rubicon crossed by Julius Caesar in 49 BC; and the river Trebbia near Piacenza, site of the first of Hannibal's three major victories over the Romans during his invasion of Italy.

Extension: At an uncertain date after its completion, the "Via Aemilia" was extended, by a further 49 Roman miles (45 mi; 72 km), from Piacenza to "Mediolanum" (Milan).

In the century following the construction of the "Via Aemilia", Piacenza became the key Roman road hub in the pianura padana. In 148 BC, the Via Postumia linked Piacenza to Aquileia on the north Adriatic coast. In 109 BC, the consul Marcus Aemilius Scaurus completed the "Via Aemilia Scaura" to "Genua" (Genoa) and "Pisae" (Pisa).

Remains

At Rimini , the starting point of the "Via Aemilia", the road's first bridge still exists, a massive structure spanning the Marecchia River, started by the Emperor Augustus and completed by his successor Tiberius (Fig. 3). It still bears its twin dedicatory inscriptions. At Bologna, milestone 78 was found in the bed of the river "Rhenus" (Reno). It records Augustus' reconstruction of the "Aemilia", in 2 BC, from Rimini as far as the river Trebbia. Remains of the "Aemilia" bridge over the Reno were found in the 1890s, consisting of parts of the parapets from each side. These were originally 38.75 feet apart, of Veronese red marble. The bed of the river was found to have risen at least 20 feet since this bridge collapsed in the ninth century. [E. Brixio "Notizie degli scavi" (1896) and (1897)] Ruins of some of the other ancient Roman bridges still exist. At Savignano sul Rubicone, the Roman bridge survived until it was demolished as recently as World War II. The current bridge is a reconstruction.

Legacy

The construction of the "Via Aemilia" launched the intensive Roman colonisation of the "pianura padana". The vast agricultural potential of this region soon rendered it the most populous and economically important part of Italy, overshadowing Central Italy, Rome and the South. The area remains economically preeminent in modern Italy. By the time of the Second Triumvirate (44 BC-30 BC), Romanisation of this formerly Celtic country was so complete that the "provincia" of "Gallia Cisalpina" was abolished and its territory incorporated into the heartland "provincia" of Italia.

The road gave its name to that part of "Gallia Cisalpina" through which it ran. This area was, before the Roman conquest, the territory of the Gallic tribes Boii (who gave their name to the city of Bologna) and Senones. It was already commonly referred to as "Aemilia" by the time the Emperor Augustus assumed sole power. In around 7 BC, when Augustus divided the "provincia" of Italia into 11 "regiones" (administrative districts), the area became the eighth "regio". [Pliny the Elder "Naturalis Historia" III 20] This initially had the official name of "Padus", but was later changed to "Aemilia".

The western part of this area is still known as Emilia today. The boundaries of the Roman VIII regio roughly corresponded to those of the modern Italian administrative "regione" of Emilia-Romagna (Fig.4). Its inhabitants are today known as "Emiliani". The modern Italian trunk road "strada statale" 9 is still today popularly called the Via Emilia and follows the Roman route over much of its length. Indeed, the modern road in many parts lies directly above the Roman road (see fig.2).

Bridges

:"For an overview of the location of Roman bridges, see List of Roman bridges".

There are the remains of several Roman bridges along the road, including the Ponte d’Augusto, Ponte di Sant’Arcangelo di Romagna, Ponte San Vito, Ponte sul Reno and Ponte sul Rubicone.

Notes

See also

*Roman bridge
*Roman engineering

External links

* [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Periods/Roman/Topics/Engineering/roads/Aemilia/Britannica_1911*.html LacusCurtius - Via Aemilia (1911 "Encyclopaedia Britannica" Entry)]