- Fahrner Image Replacement
Fahrner Image Replacement (abbreviated FIR) is a Web design technique that uses
Cascading Style Sheets to replace text on a Web page with an image containing that text. It is intended to keep the page accessible to users ofscreen reader s, text-onlyweb browser s, or other browsers where support for images or style sheets is either disabled or nonexistent, while allowing the image to differ between styles. FIR is named for Todd Fahrner, one of the persons originally credited with the idea of image replacement.cite web|url=http://www.stopdesign.com/articles/replace_text/|title=Using Background-Image to Replace Text|work=Stopdesign|last=Bowman|first=Douglas|date=2003-03-07 |accessdate=2006-11-17]Motivation
The typical method of inserting an image in an HTML document is via the
<img>
tag. This method has its drawbacks with regards to accessibility and flexibility, however:* Browsers without support for images cannot see the text. Adding alternative text using the
alt
attribute disallows HTML markup and causes problems with some search robots.
* Using the<img>
tag to show text is presentational; many Web designers argue that presentational elements should be separated from HTML content by placing the former in a CSS style sheet.
* Images referenced using an<img>
tag cannot be easily changed via CSS, causing problems with alternate stylesheets.Fahrner Image Replacement was devised to rectify these issues.
Implementations
The original FIR implementation described by
Douglas Bowman used a heading, inside of which was a<span>
element containing the text of the heading:Sample Headline
Through style sheets, the heading was then given a background containing the desired image, and the
<span>
hidden by setting itsdisplay
CSS property tonone
:#firHeader { width: 300px; height: 50px; background: #fff url(firHeader.gif) top left no-repeat; } #firHeader span { display: none; }
It was soon discovered, however, that this method caused some screen readers to skip over the heading entirely, as they would not read any text that had a
display
property ofnone
. The later Phark method, developed byMike Rundle , instead used thetext-indent
property to push the text out of the image's area, addressing this issue:#firHeader { width: 300px; height: 50px; text-indent: -5000px; }
The Phark method had its own problems, however; in visual browsers where CSS was on but images off, nothing would display.
Dave Shea 's eponymous Shea method solves both of the issues earlier mentioned, at the cost of an extra<span>
:Revised Image Replacement
By absolutely positioning an empty
<span>
over the text element, the text is effectively hidden. If the image fails to load, the text behind it is still displayed. For this reason, images with transparency cannot be used with the Shea method.#header { width: 329px; height: 25px; position: relative; } #header span { background: url(firHeader.gif) no-repeat; position: absolute; width: 100%; height: 100%; }
References
External links
* [http://www.mezzoblue.com/tests/revised-image-replacement/ Revised Image Replacement] — an overview of the various FIR techniques by
Dave Shea
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.