Steller's Sea Cow

Taxobox
name = Steller's Sea Cow
status = EX
status_system = iucn3.1
extinct = 1768


image_width = 250px
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Chordata
classis = Mammalia
ordo = Sirenia
familia = Dugongidae
subfamilia = Hydrodamalinae
subfamilia_authority = Palmer, 1895
genus = "Hydrodamalis"
genus_authority = Retzius, 1794
species = "H. gigas"
binomial = "Hydrodamalis gigas"
binomial_authority = (Zimmermann, 1780)

Steller's sea cow ("Hydrodamalis gigas") is an extinct, large sirenian mammal formerly found near the Asiatic coast of the Bering Sea. It was discovered in the Commander Islands in 1741 by the German naturalist Georg Steller, who was traveling with the explorer Vitus Bering. A small population lived in the Arctic waters around Bering Island and nearby Copper Island. However, prior to the arrival of Europeans they lived all along the North Pacific coast.

Description

The sea cow grew up to 7.9 meters (25.9 ft) long [cite book|title=Manatees|author=Sally M. Walker|publisher=Lerner Publications|year=1999] and weighed up to three tons, [cite book|title=Mammals of the Eastern United States|author=John O. Whitaker, W.J. Hamilton|publisher=Cornell University Press|year=2998] much larger than the manatee or dugong. Steller's work contains two contradictory weights: 4 and 24.3 tons. The true value may lie between these figures. [cite journal|title=The Weight of the Steller Sea Cow|author=Victor B. Scheffer|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|volume=53|issue=4|year=Nov 1972|pages=912–914|doi=10.2307/1379236] It looked somewhat like a large seal, but had two stout forelimbs and a whale-like tail. According to Steller, "The animal never comes out on shore, but always lives in the water. Its skin is black and thick, like the bark of an old oak..., its head in proportion to the body is small..., it has no teeth, but only two flat white bones—one above, the other below". It was completely tame, according to Steller. They fed on a variety of kelp. Wherever sea cows had been feeding, heaps of stalks and roots of kelp were washed ashore. The sea cow was also a poor swimmer and is not believed to have been able to dive.cite book| last = Ellis| first = Richard| authorlink = Richard Ellis (biologist) | title = No Turning Back: The Life and Death of Animal Species| publisher = Harper Perennial | date = 2004| location = New York| pages = 113| isbn =0-06-055804-0 ]

Population and extinction

The population of sea cows was small and limited in range when Steller first described them. Steller said they were numerous and found in herds, but zoologist Leonhard Hess Stejneger later estimated that at discovery there had been less than 1500 remaining, and thus had been in immediate danger of extinction from overhunting by humans. [citeweb |url=http://www.sirenian.org/sirenianevolution.pdf |title=Evolution of the Sirenia |author=Caryn Self-Sullivan |month=February 25 |year=2007 |publisher=Sirenian International |accessmonthday=April 19 accessyear=2007] They were quickly wiped out by the sailors, seal hunters, and fur traders that followed Bering's route past the islands to Alaska, who hunted them both for food and for their skins, which were used to make boats. They were also hunted for their valuable subcutaneous fat, which was not only used for food (usually as a butter substitute), but also for oil lamps because it did not give off any smoke or odor and could be kept for a long time in warm weather without spoiling. By 1768, less than 30 years after it had been discovered, Steller's sea cow was extinct. Fossils indicate that Steller's sea cow was formerly widespread along the North Pacific coast, reaching south to Japan and California. Given the rapidity with which its last population was eliminated, it is likely that the arrival of humans was the cause of its extinction over all of its original range.

A slightly alternative extinction theory has been promoted by Paul Anderson, who argues that the aboriginal peoples in the sea cow's range removed sea otters from the inland areas. With the otters gone, the population of sea urchins, which was kept down by the predatory otters, greatly increased and ate more algae, which was the Steller's Sea Cow's primary source of food. Therefore, the sea cow was limited to coastal areas of islands without a human population by the time Bering arrived and was already endangered.cite book| last = Ellis| first = Richard| authorlink = Richard Ellis (biologist) | title = No Turning Back: The Life and Death of Animal Species| publisher = Harper Perennial | date = 2004| location = New York| pages = 134| isbn =0-06-055804-0 ]

In literature

Sea cows appear in Rudyard Kipling's short story "The White Seal", where they show the title character a place of refuge from human hunters. Kipling probably knew (a) that the sea cow was considered extinct and that (b) nevertheless people sometimes claimed to have seen them. Thus, his suggestion is that they are around, but mostly hiding.

In Jules Verne's 1870 novel "20000 Leagues Under the Sea", the travellers in Captain Nemo's fictional submarine Nautilus encounter various sirenians during their journey. On February 10th they encounter a female dugong in the Red Sea; Nemo states that hunting has made sirenians scarce, yet Ned Land harpoons the animal to eat. It is described as over 7m long with a mass of 5000 kg (a size far excessive for a dugong in that habitat, though appropriate for Steller's sea cow, found in colder northern waters but already by then extinct for a century). On April 12th, observing a group of manatees off Dutch Guiana, Professor Arronax extols their ecological value. Thus, environmental themes were expressed in Verne's writing; though some details may be inexact, this book has likely contributed to a wider public awareness of marine biology and interest in conservation.

ee also

*Extinction
*List of extinct animals
*List of extinct animals (U.S.)
*Sirenia
*Evolution of sirenians

References

*Anderson, P. 1995. Competition, predation, and the evolution and extinction of Steller's sea cow, Hydrodamalis gigas. Marine Mammal Science, 11: 391-394.
* Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is listed as extinct
*MSW3 Shoshani|pages=92

External links

* [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hydrodamalis_gigas.html Animal Diversity Web]
* [http://www.amiq.org/galleries/seacow/seacow.html Steller's sea cow information from the AMIQ Institute]
* [http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libraryscience/17/ Georg Steller's De bestiis marinis (1751)(in English)]
* [http://www.hans-rothauscher.de/steller/steller_d.htm Hans Rothauscher's Die Stellersche Seekuh site (in German & English)]
* [http://devon.freepgs.com/2006/09/extinctions-in-recent-history.php Illustration of a sea cow skeleton and an extract from Steller's description]