Henry Hamilton

Henry Hamilton (c.1734 – 29 September 1796) was an Irish-born official of the British Empire. He was captured during the American Revolutionary War while serving as the lieutenant governor at the British post of Fort Detroit.

Early career

Henry was probably born in Dublin, Ireland, a younger son of Henry Hamilton (1692–1743), an Irish Member of Parliament. He was raised in County Cork, then started his military career when the French and Indian War, as a Captain in the 15th Regiment of Foot in the attack on Fortress Louisbourg and the Battle of Quebec. [* cite book|author=Derleth, August |title=Vincennes: Portal to The West |year=©1968 |publisher=Prentice-Hall, Inc, Englewood Cliffs, NJ LCCN|68|0|20537 pages=pg 55] With the support of Lieutenant Governor of Canada Guy Carleton, Hamilton rose to the rank of brigade major. In 1775, he sold his commission, leaving the British Army for a political career.

American Revolution

In 1775, Hamilton was appointed Lieutenant Governor and Superintendent of Indian Affairs at Fort Detroit, one of five newly created lieutenant governorships in the recently expanded Province of Quebec. The American Revolutionary War was already underway by the time Hamilton arrived at Detroit to assume his duties. Hamilton was in a difficult position: as a civil official, Hamilton had few regular troops at his command, and the natives of the region—French Canadians and American Indians—were not all supporters of the British regime.

Hamilton became adept at diplomacy with American Indians, establishing good relations with local Indian leaders. When the war began, British officials initially determined not to enlist Indians as allies in the war effort, but in 1777 Hamilton received instructions to encourage Indian raids against the American frontier settlements of Virginia and Pennsylvania. This was a controversial policy because it was realised that civilian colonists would inevitably be killed in these raids. Hamilton attempted to limit civilian casualties by sending British officers and French-Canadian militia with the American Indian war parties. Nevertheless, hundreds of settlers in Kentucky and western Pennsylvania were killed and scalped by raiding parties during the war. In Detroit, Hamilton paid bounties for prisoners and scalps brought in by the Indians. He became hated by American settlers, who dubbed him the "Hair-buyer General".

In 1778, Virginia forces under Colonel George Rogers Clark captured several undermanned British posts in the Illinois country, including Fort Sackville at Vincennes. Hamilton set out from Detroit in late August to retake the post. By the coming of winter he had succeeded. But in February 1779 Clark returned to Vincennes in a surprise march, recapturing the outpost and taking Hamilton prisoner.

Because of his support of the Indian raids, the Virginians regarded Hamilton as a war criminal rather than a conventional prisoner of war. Clark sent Hamilton to Williamsburg, Virginia, where he was jailed and often kept in irons by Governor Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson finally granted Hamilton parole at the instructions of General George Washington. In early 1781, Hamilton was exchanged and traveled to London.

Later career

Hamilton returned to Canada in 1782, becoming Lieutenant-Governor, and later Deputy-Governor at Quebec. He went on to be Governor of Bermuda (1786-1793) and of Dominica (1795-1796). He married late in life to Elizabeth Lee, and their only child was a daughter who died in 1871 without children. He died on the island of Antigua in 1796, while still Governor of Dominica. Sackville Hamilton, his older brother, was a Privy Councillor and Chief Secretary for Ireland.

References

*Arthur, Elizabeth. [http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=1931 "Henry Hamilton"] . "Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online".
*Sheehan, Bernard W. "'The Famous Hair Buyer General': Henry Hamilton, George Rogers Clark, and the American Indian." "Indiana Magazine of History" 69 (March 1983): 1–28.

Further reading

*Barnhart, John D. "Henry Hamilton and George Rogers Clark in the American Revolution, with the Unpublished Journal of Lieut. Governor Henry Hamilton". Crawfordville, Indiana: Banta, 1951.

External links

* [http://www.in.gov/history/4621.htm "Henry Hamilton's Journal"] , 1778–1779, from the Indiana Historical Bureau
* [http://www.biographi.ca/EN/ShowBio.asp?BioId=36053&query=hamilton Biography]