Pochteca

A pochtecatl (plural "pochteca") was a professional long-distance traveling merchant in the Aztec Empire. They were a small, but important class as they not only facilitated commerce, but also communicated vital information across the empire and beyond its borders. The "pochteca" also traveled outside the empire to trade with neighboring lands throughout Mesoamerica. Because of their extensive travel and knowledge of the empire, they were often employed as spies.

tatus in Aztec Society

"Pochteca" occupied a high status in Aztec society, below the noble class. The "pochteca" were responsible for providing the materials that the noble class used to display their wealth. These materials were often obtained from foreign sources. The "pochteca" also acted as agents for the nobility by selling the surplus tribute that had been bestowed on the noble and warrior elite. The "pochteca" traded the excess tribute (food, garments, feathers and slaves) in the marketplace or carried it to other areas to exchange for trade goods.

Due to the success of the "pochteca", many of these merchants became as wealthy as the noble class, but were obligated to hide this wealth from the public. Trading expeditions often left their districts late in the evening, and their wealth was only revealed within their private guildhalls. Although politically and economically powerful the "pochteca" strove to avoid undue attention. The merchants followed their own laws in their own calpulli, venerating their god, Yacatecuhtli, “The Lord Who Guides”, an aspect of Quetzalcóatl. Eventually the merchants were elevated to the rank of the warriors of the military orders.

Organization

The "pochteca" were organised into twelve guilds, each based in one of the urban centers of the Valley of México:
* Tenochtitlán
* Tlatelolco
* Huitzilopocho
* Cuautitlán
* Azcapotzalco
* Mixcoac
* Texcoco
* Huexotla
* Cóatlichan
* Otompan
* Xochimilco
* Chalco

The markets were part of a complex interlocking system. In the Valley there were four levels of market:
* The great market of Tlatelolco which met daily.
* The markets of Texcoco and Xochimilco.
* The "Macuiltianquiztli" - every five-days markets of the city-states Huitzilopocho, Cuautitlán, Azcapotzalco, Mixcoac, Huexotla, Cóatlichan, Otompan and Chalco.
* The markets of the smaller towns and villages.

Some of the cities were famous for specialized markets:
* Azcapotzalco was a major slave market.
* Texcoco sold ceramics and clothing.
* Acolman specialised in dogs and food animals introduced by the Nisei.
* Tepepulco sold birds, important for their feathers. The highest official of the "pochteca" in Tenochtitlán was the "Pochtecatlailotlac", the Merchant-Arbiter who also sat as one of the judges in the "Tlacxitlan", the highest court of law.

Each of these cities included a merchant district and a market, the "tianquiztli", though the greatest market was the tianquizco in Tlatelolco, the fifth "campan" of Tenochtitlán. Tlatelolco included seven calpulli inhabited by the pochteca: "Pochtlan, Ahhuachtlan, Atlauhco, Acxotlan, Tepetitlan, Itztolco" and "Tzommolco". Each of the "pochteca calpulli" were governed by the "Pochtecatlatoque" – the Merchant Speakers or Leaders. Those of the "Pochtlan" and "Acxotlan" districts had special titles:
* The "Tlailotlac" of "Pochtlan" was the arbiter in mercantile affairs, overseeing the commerce of the "Pochteca Teucnehnenqueh", the ‘travelling lords’. Elderly experience merchants, the "Pochtecahuehuetqueh", helped him manage the mercantile concerns of the district.
* The "Acxoteca" of "Acxotlan" was the Merchant-General of the "Naualoztomeca", the ‘disguised merchants’.

Each of the "Pochtecatlatoque" were aided by the pochtecatlatoque. The "pochtecatlatoque" were the elder of the pochteca, and were no longer travelers, but rather acted as administrators, overseeing young pochteca and administering the marketplace.

The volume of trade passing through the great "tianquizco" of "Tlatelolco" was unsurpassed in Mesoamerica. It served not merely to distribute goods but as the great clearing house of the Empire. Such was the organisation required to manage this massive entrepreneurial center that the Aztec state founded special institutions and officials to oversee it.
* The "Pochtecatlailotlac", the ‘first of the merchants’ was the effective governor of Tlatelolco, answering to the "Huey Tlatoani" and accounted a magistrate of the" Teuctlahtohqueh", the imperial judges.
* The "Tianquizpan Tlayacanqui", the Marketplace Judges, oversaw the enactment of "pochteca" laws and sentenced any thieves caught within the confines of the" tianquizco." The "Pochteca Tlahtocan" commercial court had three levels and between three and five judges would sit in court each market day.
* The omnipresent "Tianquiztlacanqui" administered the day-to-day running of the market, checking for compliance with the laws and looking out for fraudulent dealing. They also ensured the payment of the imperial trade tax, the "pochtecatequitl", enforced on all sales.

Types of Pochteca

The professional merchants were classified into the following roles:
* The importers: "pochteca" and "oztomeca".
* The wholesalers, the" tlaquixtiani".
* The retailers, the "tlanecuilo".

The "pochteca" were divided into the following types:
* The "Pochteca Teucnehnenqueh", the "pochteca" trading on behalf of the nobility. They were considered the higher rank of "pochteca", carrying out some private trade as well.
* The" Pochteca" "Naualoztomeca", the ‘disguised merchants’, seeking after rare goods often on their own behalf but also as spies for the state. A "oztomecatl" (plural "oztomeca") was a merchant-guard or vanguard-merchant seeking out new markets and resources and goods of interest to Tenochtitlán. Senior warrior-merchants were known as "Teyahualonime", with a merchant-general given the title of "Acxotecatl". Often the trade performed by these warrior-merchants was a precursor of military conquest.

Within these groups there were also:
* The "Tecouanime", the slave merchants. These people were often referred to as the richest of merchants, as they played a central role in bathing the slaves used for sacrificial victims.
* The" Iyahqueh", merchants based in outlying trade stations and depots, supporting the long trade routes.
* The "Tlanamacani", salesmen acting as agents for the "pochteca" guilds.

Lesser Traders

The "Tlanecuilo" or "Tlanecuiloani", the regional traders and pedlars were not part of the "pochteca" guilds but were an important part of market commerce. They traded in foodstuffs and utilitarian goods rather than the luxuries carried by the "pochteca" and frequently specialised in specific items, such as:
* The "Huauhnamacac" traders who sold the seeds of amaranth (pigweed). In several ceremonies images of the gods (notably Huitzilopochtli) were made with amaranth mixed with honey to be eaten by the people.
* The "Iztanamacaque", sellers of salt.
* The "Tlacemanqui" traders who sold items, including silver and gold.
* The "Tlanamacac" producer-sellers who came to the markets to sell their produce.

See also

* Aztec society

References

"The Aztecs of Mexico", George Clapp Vaillant (1901-1945), Penguin Books edition (1953), pp.122-23; also Plate 38 depicting portion of the Codex Florentino.

"Aztec Warfare", Ross Hassig, University of Oklahoma Press (1995).

"Daily Life of the Aztecs", Jacques Soustelle, Phoenix Press edition (1995), pp 60-65, 85-86.

"Armies of the Aztec and Inca Empires, and other native peoples of the Americas, and the Conquistadores 1450-1608", Ian Heath, Foundry Books (1999), pp 50-51.

"Mexico’s Indigenous Past", Alfredo Lopez Austin & Leonardo Lopez Lujan, University of Oklahoma Press (2001), pp 235-236.

"The Aztecs", Michael E. Smith, Blackwell (2003), pp 112-114.