Puppet

A puppet is a representational figure manipulated by a puppeteer. It is usually (but by no means always) a depiction of a human character, and is used in puppetry, a play or a presentation that is a very ancient form of theatre. The puppet undergoes a process of transformation through being animated, and is normally manipulated by at least one puppeteer.

There are many different varieties of puppets, and they are made of a wide range of materials, depending on their form and intended use. They can be extremely complex or very simple in their construction. They may even be found objects. As Oscar Wilde wrote, "There are many advantages in puppets. They never argue. They have no crude views about art. They have no private lives". David Currell has said "A puppet is not an actor and a puppet theatre is not human theatre in miniature, because when an actor 'represents', a puppet 'is'". [ An Introduction to Puppets and Puppetmaking by David Currell, p.6 ] .

Types of puppet

Puppetry by its nature is a flexible and inventive medium, and many puppet companies work with combinations of puppet forms, and incorporate real objects into their performances. So an bought corkscrew can become a dancer puppet; or they incorporate 'performing objects' such as torn paper for snow, or a sign board with words as narrative devices within a production. The following are, alphabetically, the basic and conventional forms of puppet:

* Black light puppet - A form of puppetizing where the puppets are operated on a stage lit only with ultraviolet lighting, which both hides the puppeteer and accentuates the colours of the puppet. The puppeteers perform dressed in black against a black background, with the background and costume normally made of black velvet. The puppeteers manipulate the puppets into the light, while they position themselves unseen against the black unlit background. Puppets of all sizes and types are able to be used, and glow in a powerful and magical way. The original concept of this form of puppetry can be traced to Bunraku puppetry.

* Bunraku puppet – Bunraku puppets are a type of wood-carved puppet originally made to stand out through torch illumination. Developed in Japan over a thousand years ago, the puppeteers dress to remain neutral against a black background, although their presence as kind of 'shadow' figures adds a mysterious power to the puppet. Bunraku traditionally uses three puppeteers to operate a puppet that is close to half life-size. [ [http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Puppet-show encyclopedia/Puppet-show] ]

* Carnival or Body puppet - usually designed to be part of a large spectacle. [Puppetry by David Logan, p.54] These are often used in parades (such as the Minneapolis, USA May Day Parade) and demonstrations, and are at least the size of a human and often much larger. One or more performers are required to move the body and limbs. In parades the appearance and personality of the person inside is not relevant to the spectator. These puppets are particularly associated with large scale entertainment, such as the nightly parades at various Disney complexes around the world. Similar puppets were designed by Julie Taymor for The Lion King, derived in part from the parade tradition.

Big Bird from Sesame Street is a classic example of a Body puppet. The puppeteer is enclosed within the costume, and will extend their right hand over the head to operate the head and neck of the puppet. The puppeteer's left hand serves as the Bird's left hand, while the right hand is stuffed and hangs loosely from a fishing line (which can occasionally be seen in closeup shots) that runs through a loop under the neck and attaches to the wrist of the left hand. The right hand thus does the opposite of the left hand: as the left hand goes down, the right hand is pulled up by the fishing line.

* Chinface puppet - A type of puppet in which the puppet features are drawn on, and otherwise attached to, the face.

* Finger puppet - An extremely simple puppet variant which fits onto a single finger. Finger puppets normally have no moving parts, and consist primarily of a hollow cylinder shape to cover the finger. This form of puppet has limited application, and is used mainly in pre-schools or kindergartens for storytelling with young children. [Puppetry by David Logan, p.14]

* Hand or glove puppet - These are puppets controlled by one hand which occupies the interior of the puppet. Punch and Judy puppets are familiar examples of hand puppets. Larger varieties of hand puppets place the puppeteer's hand in just the puppet's head, controlling the mouth and head, and the puppet's body then hangs over the entire arm. Other parts of the puppet (mainly arms, but special variants exist with manipulatable eyelids; the mouth may also open and close) are usually not much larger than the hand itself. A sock puppet is a particularly simple type of hand puppet made from a sock. [An Introduction to Puppets and Puppetmaking by David Currell, p.7]

* Human-arm puppet - Also called a two-man puppet; it is similar to a hand puppet but is larger and requires two puppeteers. One puppeteer places a hand inside the puppet's head and operates its head and mouth, while the other puppeteer wears gloves and special sleeves attached to the puppet in order to become the puppet's arms, so that the puppet can perform arbitrary hand gestures. This is a form of glove or hand puppetry and rod puppetry.

* Light Curtain puppet presentations use specifically focused light to highlight small areas of a performance. The puppets stand on a stage divided into a unlit background and a well lit foreground, meeting to form a "curtain" of light. The puppeteer dresses in black and remains hidded in the unlit background of the stage while the puppet is held across the light curtain in the lit foreground of the stage. "Light curtain puppet" is an umbrella term, and any puppet which is extended into a well-lit area where its handler remains separated from the puppet by a division of light may be called a light curtain puppet. [ [http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Puppet-show encyclopedia/Puppet-show] ]

* Marionette or string puppet - These puppets are suspended and controlled by a number of strings, plus sometimes a central rod attached to a control bar held from above by the puppeteer. The control bar can be either a horizontal or vertical one. Basic strings for operation are usually attached to the head, back, hands (to control the arms) and just above the knee (to control the legs). [Exploring Puppetry by Stuart and Patricia Robinson, p.64] This form of puppetry is complex and sophisticated to operate, requiring greater manipulative control than a finger, glove or rod puppet. The puppet play performed by the Von Trapp children with Maria in The Sound of Music is a marionette show. [Puppetry by David Logan, p.41]

* Marotte - A simplified rod puppet that is just a head and/or body on a stick. In a marotte à main prenante, the puppeteer's other arm emerges from the body (which is just a cloth drape) to act as the puppet's arm. Some marottes have a small string running through the stick attached to a handle at the bottom. When the handle is squeezed, the mouth opens.

* Muppet - A term referring to some of the puppets constructed by the Jim Henson Company. Often erroneously used to refer to puppets that resemble those of "The Muppet Show" or built by the Henson Company. The main puppet forms used were glove or hand puppets and rod puppets.

* Push puppet - A push puppet consists of a segmented character on a base which is kept under tension until the button on the bottom is pressed. The puppet wiggles, slumps and then collapses, and is usually used as a novelty toy.

* Push-in or Paper puppet - A puppet cut out of paper and stuck onto card. It is fixed at its base to a stick and operated by pushing it in from the side of the puppet theatre. Sheets were produced for puppets and scenery from the 19th century for children's use.

* Rod puppet - A puppet constructed around a central rod secured to the head. A large glove covers the rod and is attached to the neck of the puppet. A rod puppet is controlled by the puppeteer moving the metal rods attached to the hands of the puppet and by turning the central rod secured to the head. [Puppetry by David Logan, p.29]

* Señor Wences - A Señor Wences is a type of hand puppet created from a human hand, where the puppet features are drawn on and attached to the hand itself, and the thumb and forefinger are used as a mouth.

* Shadow puppet - A cut-out figure held between a source of light and a translucent screen. Untypical, as it is two-dimensional in form, shadow puppets can form solid silhouettes, or be decorated with various amounts of cut-out details.. [Puppetry by David Logan, p.34] Colour can be introduced into the cut-out shapes to provide a different dimension. [Puppetry by David Logan, p.36] and different effects can be achieved by moving the puppet (or light source) out of focus. Javanese shadow puppets (Wayang Kulit) are the classic example of this. [An Introduction to Puppets and Puppetmaking by David Currell, p.7]

* Supermarionation - A method invented by Gerry Anderson which assisted in his television series Thunderbirds in electronically moving the mouths of marionettes to allow for lip-synchronised speech. The marionettes were still controlled by human manipulators with strings.

* Ticklebug - A ticklebug is a type of hand puppet created from a human hand to have four legs, where the puppet features are drawn on the hand itself. The middle finger is lifted as a head, and the thumb and forefinger serve as a first set of two legs on one side, while the ring finger and little finger serve as a second set of two legs on the opposite side. [ [http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Puppet-show encyclopedia/Puppet-show] ]

* Ventriloquist dummy - A puppet operated by a ventriloquist performer to focus the audience's attention from the performer's activities and heighten the illusions. They are called dummies because they do not speak on their own. The ventriloquist dummy is controlled by the one hand of the ventriloquist.

* Water Puppet - a Vietnamese puppet form, the Múa rối nước. Múa rối nước literally means "puppets that dance on water", an ancient tradition that dates back to the tenth century. The puppets are built out of wood and the shows are performed in a waist-deep pool. A large rod supports the puppet under the water and is used by the puppeteers to control them. The appearance is of the puppets moving over the water. When the rice fields would flood, the villagers would entertain each other using this puppet form.

See also

* Animation or digital puppet. Animation is a related but essentially different process from puppetry. Animating puppets in time-based media such as film or video is a simulation of movement created by displaying a series of pictures, or frames, whereas puppetry is the live manipulation of figures. Puppet animation, or "puppetoon", can refer either to Stop motion filming, where the movements of the puppets are created frame-by-frame; or "Supermarionation (see above).

* Karakuri ningyō - Mechanized puppets or automata from Japan.

* Lübeck Museum of Theatre Puppets

* Pelham puppets - A type of factory-made puppet created by Bob Pelham known for making mainly string puppets (Marionettes) In the UK from 1947 - 1996.

* Persian theatre

* Puppetry - for the cultural and theatrical history of puppet theatre

* Punch and Judy

* Rajasthani Puppet - String marionettes originating from the state of Rajasthan in India.

* Thai hand puppets - A variety of hand puppets from Thailand.

Non-puppetry related usages of the word

The word puppet can mean a political leader installed, supported and controlled by more powerful forces, without legitimacy in the country itself. In modern times, this usually implies no democratic mandate from the country's electorate; in earlier times, it could have meant a monarch imposed from outside, who was not a member of a country's established ruling dynasty, and/or unrecognised by its nobility. "Puppet government", "puppet regime" and "puppet state" are derogatory terms for a government which is in charge of a region or country, but only through being installed, supported and controlled by a more powerful outside government (see Quisling).

In a more general sense, a puppet is any person who is controlled by another by reasons of (for instance) undue influence, intellectual deficiency, or lack of character or charisma. Thus, drawing from the above meaning, it could be a political leader, who is a facade for more powerful forces working behind him or her, or it could be any person who is similarly doing what he is told to do.Fact|date=May 2008

Poppet, a word sounding similar to puppet, can also be a term of endearment, similar to "love", "pet" or "dear". The word also came to have magical connotations, referring in folk-magic and witchcraft to a doll made to represent a person, for casting healing, fertility, or binding spells on that person.

Science fiction writer Robert A. Heinlein wrote "The Puppet Masters", a novel depicting alien parasites who are capable of attaching themselves to a human being and completely controlling him or her.

Notes

References

* Ghosh, S.; Massey, Reginald, and Banerjee, Utpal Kumar (2006). "Indian Puppets: Past, Present and Future". Abhinav Publications. ISBN 817017435X.
* Bell, John (2000). "Strings, Hands, Shadows: A Modern Puppet History". Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0895581566.

Books and articles

*cite book
last = Baird
first = Bil
authorlink = Bil Baird
coauthors =
title = The Art of the Puppet
publisher = Plays
date= 1966
location =
id= ISBN 10 0823800679
*cite book
last = Beaton
first = Mabel
authorlink = Mabel Beaton
coauthors = Les Beaton
title = Marionettes: A Hobby for Everyone
publisher =
date= 1948
location = New York
id=
*cite book
last = Bell
first = John
authorlink = John Bell
coauthors =
title = Shadows: A Modern Puppet History
publisher = Detroit Institute of Art
date= 2000
location = Detroit, USA
id= ISBN 0 89558 156 6
*cite book
last = Binyon
first = Helen
authorlink = Helen Binyon
coauthors =
title = Puppetry Today
publisher = Studio Vista Limited
date= 1966
location = London
id=
*cite book
last = Choe
first = Sang-su
authorlink = Choe Sang-su
coauthors =
title = A Study of the Korean Puppet Play
publisher = The Korean Books Publishing Company Ltd.
date= 1961
location =
id=
*cite book
last = Currell
first = David
authorlink = David Currell
coauthors =
title = The Complete Book of Puppetry
publisher = A & C Black (Publishers) Ltd.
date= 1985
location = London
id= ISBN 0-7136-2429-9
*cite book
last = Currell
first = David
authorlink = David Currell
coauthors =
title = An Introduction to Puppets and Puppetmaking
publisher = New Burlington Books, Quintet Publishing Limited
date= 1992
location = London
id= ISBN 1 85348 389 3
*cite book
last = Dubska
first = Alice
authorlink = Alice Dubska
coauthors = Jan Novak, Nina Malikova, Marie Zdenkova
title = Czech Puppet Theatre
publisher = Theatre Institute
date= 2006
location = Prague
id= ISBN 80 7008 199 6
*cite book
last = Dugan
first = E.A.
authorlink = E.A. Dugan
coauthors =
title = Emotions in Motion
publisher = Galerie Amrad
date= 1990
location = Montreal, Canada
id= ISBN 0 9693081 5 9
*cite book
last = Feeney
first = John
authorlink = John Feeney
coauthors =
title = Puppet
publisher = Saudi Aramco World
date= 1999
location =
id=
*cite book
last = Funni
first = Arthur
authorlink = Arthur Funni
coauthors =
title = The Radio Years of Bergen and McCarthy (Thesis)
publisher =
date= 2000
location = The Margaret Herrick Library
id=
*cite book
last = Hayali
first = Mustafa Mutlu
authorlink = Mustafa Mutlu Hayali
coauthors =
title = Tradition Folk The Site
publisher = Theatre Department, Ankara University Faculty of Language, History and Geography
date=
location = Ankara, Turkey
id=
*cite book
last = Latshaw
first = George
authorlink = George Latshaw
coauthors =
title = The Complete Book of Puppetry
publisher = Dover Publications
date= 2000
location = London
id= ISBN 978-048640-952-8
*cite book
last = Lindsay
first = Hilaire
authorlink = Hilaire Lindsay
coauthors =
title = The First Puppet Book
publisher = Ansay Pty Ltd
date= 1976
location = Leichardt, NSW, Australia
id= ISBN 0 909245
*cite book
last = Logan
first = David
authorlink = David Logan
coauthors =
title = Puppetry
publisher = Brisbane Dramatic Arts Company
date= 2007
location = Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
id= ISBN 9780980456301
*cite book
last = Mulholland
first = John
authorlink = John Mulholland
coauthors =
title = Practical Puppetry
publisher = Herbert Jenkins Ltd.
date= 1961
location = London
id=
*cite book
last = Richmond
first = Arthur
authorlink = Arthur Richmond
coauthors =
title = Remo Bufano's Book of Puppetry
publisher = The Macmillan Company
date= 1950
location = New York
id=
*cite book
last = Robinson
first = Stuart
authorlink = Stuart Robertson
coauthors = Patricia Robertson
title = Exploring Puppetry
publisher = Mills & Boon Limited
date= 1967
location = London
id=
*cite book
last = Sinclair
first = Anita
authorlink = Anita Sinclair
coauthors =
title = The Puppetry Handbook
publisher = Richard Lee Publishing
date= 1995
location = Richmond, Victoria, Australia
id= ISBN 0 646 39063 5
*cite book
last = Suib
first = Leonard
authorlink = Leonard Suib
coauthors = Muriel Broadman
title = Marionettes Onstage!
publisher = Harper & Row, Publishers
date= 1975
location = New York
id= ISBN 0 06 014166 2
*cite news
last =
coauthors =
title = Wayland Flowers Dies: Ventriloquist Was 48
publisher =The New York Times
date =October 12 1988
url =http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DEFD71F3FF931A25753C1A96E948260
accessdate =2006-12-30