Juan Manuel Pareja

Vice Admiral Juan Manuel Pareja (b. 1812 - November 28, 1865) was a Spanish naval officer, who commanded the Spanish forces during the Chincha Islands War.

He was born in Lima about 1812, the son of Brigadier Antonio Pareja. After the independence of Peru, his family returned to Spain and he joined the Spanish navy. He was sent to the Pacific in 1864 to relieve Admiral Luis Hernández Pinzón, whose seizure of the Chincha Islands was disapproved in Madrid.

On January 27, 1865, he signed the Vivanco-Pareja Treaty which was considered derogatory to Peruvian national honor. A general uprising followed in Peru and the government of General Juan Antonio Pezet fell on July 7, 1865.

After Chile, in support of Peru, had refused to sell supplies to the Spanish fleet, Pareja went with his fleet to Valparaiso on September 17, 1865 and demanded a public apology. As his demands for satisfaction were refused, he declared war against Chile on the 24th, and proceeded to blockade the principal Chilean ports.

During the last weeks of his life, he suffered a series of setbacks on his handling of the War. On November 17 an armed launch of the frigate "Resolution" was captured by the Allied steamer "Independencia" near the port of Talcahuano.

He could make no positive advances in his war with Chile, his blockade deteriorated and was ineffective and the crews of the ships were demoralized. The proud Admiral was unaware that on November 26 the Chileans had captured the Spanish schooner Virgen de Covadonga, with the admiral's correspondence, at the Naval Battle of Papudo and that during the fight the Spaniards had 4 men dead and 21 wounded. When on November 27 the American Consul casually mentioned it, the Admiral suffered a nervous collapse. It was too much for him. The Covadonga was the second warship lost by Spain (after the loss of the "Triunfo") in enemy waters. The next day, November 28, 1865, Admiral Pareja dressed in his best uniform, laid down on his bed, and shot himself in the head on board his flag-ship, the "Villa de Madrid", in front of Valparaiso, Chile. In his testament, he requested not to be buried in Chilean waters, so he was buried at high seas.

ee also

*Casto Méndez Núñez

External links

* [http://www.editorialbitacora.com/armagedon/callao/numancia.htm Numancia (includes short biography)]
* [http://www.flag.de/FOTW/flags/es1785~w.html War Ensign used by Spanish Navy ships between 1785-1931]
* [http://www.flag.de/FOTW/flags/es~1732f.html Ensign used by Navy ships belonging to the Ferrol Naval Department 1732]
* [http://www.revistanaval.com/ The "Revista Naval" page published in Ferrol in Spanish for the "Armada Española"]