Tadeusz Chciuk-Celt

Tadeusz Chciuk-Celt (1916-2001) was a Polish Cichociemny(Special Agent), journalist, and author. He did two parachute missions into occupied Poland during World War II and for his war work he was honored with the Virtuti Militari.

After the war, he worked for four decades for Radio Free Europe. He also wrote "By Parachute to Warsaw" in 1945 under the pseudonym Marek Celt, and several other books as well.

Buried as a National Hero of Poland in Warsaw 5/28/2001.

Early life

Tadeusz Chciuk was born on October 17th, 1916 in Drohobycz, which was still in Galicia, a part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the fourth of five children of Michal Chciuk and his wife, Maria. The Chciuks are a Polish family. He was active in the Polish Boy Scouts (ZHP) from 1927 on, and was a Scoutmaster from 1936 on. After graduating from Jagiello High School, he went on to get his Master's Degree in Law at Jan Kazimierz University in Lwow in 1939. He also got the intermediate degree in Music at the Szymanowski Conservatory in Lwow.

World War II

During the Second World War, Tadeusz Chciuk took active part in fighting the Soviet and German occupiers. He was involved in the Biali Kurierzy (or White Couriers) who specialized in smuggling small groups of people across the border into Hungary. In May of 1940, he joined up with the Polish Army units in France, and after France fell, he was eventually stationed in Scotland, where he finished Artillery Officers' Candidate School with the rank of 2nd Lieutenant. He also completed parachute training at Ringway, in England.

Operation "Jacket"

On the night of the 27th of December, 1941, Tadeusz Chciuk took part in Operation "Jacket," in which a small group of special agents (called Cichociemni, literally "The Silent Dark Ones") parachuted into Poland. He was sent as an emissary of the Polish Government in Exile, which was led in London by General Wladyslaw Sikorski. His code name was "Celt," actually an anagram of his initials and those of his fiancee, Ewa Lovell. His mission was to make a report to the General on the state of the Polish underground. He spent several months in Poland making a detailed assessment of the situation. In addition to meetings with the Chief Delegate (the acting head of the government) and political and underground leaders, he also smuggled himself into the Warsaw Ghetto and witnessed horrifying scenes. Owing to the many challenges involved with getting back to London through German-occupied Europe, it took him a whole year to get back with his report. During his travels (via Hungary, Croatia, Switzerland and France)he took on a series of disguises, including wearing a full Roman Catholic priest's garb and claiming to be the Hungarian priest Andor Varga, and claiming to be a French railroad maintenance worker. He was captured by the Spanish Guardia Civil while crossing into Spain from Andorra, and was imprisoned and tortured at the concentration camp in Miranda de Ebro. There was a raging epidemic of yellow fever at that camp, and Tadeusz made his escape when an inmate who had died qualified for release, and he claimed to be that guy. He made his way to Gibraltar and was flown back to London. Tragically, General Sikorski died in a plane crash while departing Gibraltar himself en route to London. Upon his return to Great Britain in June of 1943, Tadeusz Chciuk submitted his report to the military authorities. He was one of the first agents to return with first-hand accounts of the systematic and total extermination of Poland's Jewish population by the Germans. He was awarded Poland's highest military distinction, the Virtuti Militari, for outstanding valor.

Operation "Salamander"

After working for several months at the underground radio station "Swit," which broadcast to Poland from England, Tadeusz Chciuk was summoned by the Prime Minister of the Polish Government in Exile, Stanislaw Mikolajczyk, to go on a second Cichociemny parachute mission to Poland as Mikolajczyk's personal emissary. His code name was "Sulima," but he was also called "Celt." The mission departed from the RAF Base at Brindisi on the night of the 3rd of April, 1944. His mission was two-fold: first, to have urgent talks with the Chief Delegate and other key political figures, apprising them of the results of the Teheran Conference, which were very unfavorable indeed for Poland, and of the pressing need to come to some sort of diplomatic understanding with the Soviets; and second, to see to the safety of the other man on the mission, the political advisor Dr. Jozef Retinger, code named "Salamander," who parachuted into Poland with him at the age of 56 and was also there to talk to the key political players. They were airlifted back out of Poland in dramatic circumstances in the early hours of the 26th of July, 1944, in Operation Wildhorn III.

Postwar Experiences and Radio Free Europe

Tadeusz Chciuk-Celt was sent to Poland in December of 1945 as the Secretary of the Demobilization Mission, along with Dr. Jozef Retinger, the director of this mission, which distributed many tons of American and British military surplus equipment to Poland. He married Ewa Lovell in Krakow within days of his return. They were both arrested by the UB (Secret Police of the Ministry of Public Security of Poland)in April of 1946, and held as prisoners for several months, until the personal intervention of Stanislaw Mikolajczyk secured their release. After that, he worked in Krakow for the Polish Peasants' Party (PSL) until the Communists started cracking down hard. With his young wife and one-year old daughter Aleksandra, taking only what they could carry, Tadeusz Chciuk-Celt fled Poland in September of 1948, not to return for 43 years. Many of his friends and colleagues spent the next eight years in prison in Poland.After staying in United Nations refugee camps in Austria, the young family eventually made their way to Paris, where they would live for three years in severe poverty. While Ewa finished her university studies at the Sorbonne and gave birth to a son, Luc, Tadeusz worked for the emigre PSL and took whatever odd jobs he could.In 1952, Tadeusz Chciuk-Celt was invited to be one of the founders of the Polish section of Radio Free Europe, a U.S.-funded station based in Munich, broadcasting news, commentary and entertainment to the countries behind the Iron Curtain. He was an editor and commentator, with a particular focus on rural and agricultural matters. His on-air name was Michal Lasota. His family grew in Munich, with the birth of daughter Maria in 1954 and son Jan in 1955. He stayed with R.F.E. throughout the fifties, sixties and seventies, and was the Deputy Director of the Polish Desk by the time he retired in 1983. He also stayed with the emigre PSL, and was its last President when it was merged with the original PSL in Poland in 1991.

Retirement and Writing

After retiring from Radio Free Europe in 1983, Tadeusz Chciuk-Celt remained in Germany and wrote several books in Polish. "Biali Kurierzy" ("The White Couriers") described his activities as a courier in the first months of the war. "Koncert" ("Concerto for Four Colts") was an account of the first days of Operation "Jacket," and described a dramatic firefight with German forces. "Raport z Podziemia 1942" ("Report From the Underground 1942") describes the state of the Polish Underground at that time as well as his own adventures. "Raport z Podziemia 1944 -- Z Retingerem do Warszawy i z Powrotem" tells the story of Operation "Salamander" and his interaction with Dr. Retinger. It is being translated into English.Tadeusz Chciuk-Celt died in Munich on April 10th, 2001, aged 84.

External links

* [http://home.teleport.com/~flyheart/first-mission.htm Site for the Chciuk family (This part is in English, the rest of the links are in Polish)]
* [http://www.dziennik.com/www/dziennik/kult/archiwum/01-06-01/pp-05-18-05.html http://www.dziennik.com/www/dziennik/kult/archiwum/01-06-01/pp-05-18-05.html]
* [http://www.wolnaeuropa.pl http://www.wolnaeuropa.pl]
* [http://wilk.wpk.p.lodz.pl/~whatfor/cichociemni_operacje_43_44.htm http://wilk.wpk.p.lodz.pl/~whatfor/cichociemni_operacje_43_44.htm]
* [http://w.icm.edu.pl/ak/txt/chciuk.htm http://kw.pl.eu.org/ak/txt/chciuk.htm]
* [http://25sjdh.sosnowaszyszka.org "25.Szczecińska Jeździecka Drużyna Harcerska "CELT" im. Białych Kurierów"]