- Long March rocket
A Long March rocket (zh-stp|s=长征系列运载火箭|t=長征系列運載火箭|p=Chángzhēng xìliè yùnzài huǒjiàn) is any
rocket in a family ofexpendable launch system s operated by thePeople's Republic of China . Development and design falls under the auspices of theChina Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology . In English, the rockets are abbreviated as LM- for export and CZ- within China. The rockets are named after theLong March of Chinese communist history.Payloads
The PRC launched its first
satellite , known asDong Fang Hong 1 ("the East is Red"), toEarth orbit on its own Long March space rocket onApril 24 ,1970 , becoming the fifth nation to achieve independent launch capability. TheShenzhou spacecraft andChang'e 1 lunar orbiter are also launched on the Long March rocket. The maximum payload for LEO is 9200 kg (CZ-2F), the maximum payload for GTO is 5200 kg (CZ-3B). The next generation rocketndash Long March 5 variants will offer more payload in the future.Propellants
As of 2003, the main stages and the
booster rocket s of Long March rockets usestorable propellants withUDMH as the fuel anddinitrogen tetroxide as theoxidizing agent . The upper stages (third stage) of Long March 3 rockets useYF-73 andYF-75 engines, usingLiquid hydrogen (LH2) as the fuel andLiquid oxygen (LOX) as the oxidizer.Specifications of Long March rocket family
The Long March rockets are organized into series:
*Long March 1 rocket family
*Long March 2 rocket family
*Long March 3 rocket family
*Long March 4 rocket family
*Long March 5 rocket family Origins
The Long March rocket is related to early versions of the
Dongfeng missile (note that Dongfeng is the generic Chinese name for all of its land ICBMs). However, like its counterparts in both theUnited States and inRussia , the differing needs of space rockets and strategic missiles have caused the development of space rockets and missiles to diverge. The main goal of a space rocket is to maximize payload, while for strategic missiles increased throw weight is much less important than the ability to launch quickly and to survive afirst strike . This divergence has become clear in the next generation of Long March rockets which use cryogenic propellants in sharp contrast to the next generation of strategic missiles which are mobile andsolid fuel led.Launch sites
There are four launch centers in China. They are:
*Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center
*Xichang Satellite Launch Center
*Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center
*Wenchang Satellite Launch Center Most of the commercial satellite launches of Long March vehicles have been from
Xichang Satellite Launch Center , located inXichang ,Sichuan province.Wenchang Satellite Launch Center inHainan province is under expansion and will be the main launch center for future commercial satellite launches. Long March launches also take place from the more military orientedJiuquan Satellite Launch Center inGansu province from which the mannedShenzhou spacecraft also launches.Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center is located inShanxi province and focuses on the launches ofSun-synchronous orbit satellites.Commercial launch services
China markets launch services under the
China Great Wall Industry Corporation . [cite web |url=http://www.cgwic.com/about/index.html |title=About CGWIC |publisher=CGWIC] Its efforts to launch communications satellites were dealt a blow in the mid-1990s after the United States stopped issuing export licenses to companies to allow them to launch on Chinese launch vehicles out of fear that this would help China's military. In the face of this,Thales Alenia Space built theChinasat-6B satellite with no components from the United States whatsoever. This allowed it to be launched on a Chinese launch vehicle without violating U.S. ITAR restrictions. [cite web |url=http://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/space/2007-07-06-china-launches-satellite_N.htm |title=China launches satellite despite restrictions |publisher=USA TODAY] The launch, on a Long March 3B rocket, was successfully conducted on5 July 2007 .Launch history
Early launches had a spotty record, focusing on launching of Chinese satellites. Since 1990, Long March rocket entered the international market. However, several setbacks occurred during early 1990s. On
January 26 ,1995 , a Long March 2E rocket veered off course two seconds after take-off from Xichang space center and exploded, killing at least six on the ground. OnFebruary 15 ,1996 , a similar failure during the launch ofIntelsat 708 using a Long March 3B rocket resulted in an unknown number of casualties. [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y4oAQm4r5sI&mode=related&search=] The rocket veered severely off course right after clearing the launch tower and landed in a rural village. Following the disaster, foreign media were sequestered in a bunker for five hours while, some have alleged, the Chinese military attempted to 'clean up' the damage. The ChineseXinhua News Agency eventually reported 57 deaths, but the extent of damage observed by foreign journalists whilst being whisked away from the disaster site suggested there may have been at least 200 and upwards of 500 killed. [cite news |first=John |last=Mintz |authorlink= |title=Missile Failures Led To Loral-China Link |page=A20 |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/campfin/stories/rocket061298.htm |work= |publisher=Washington Post |date=1998-06-12 |accessdate=2007-06-30 ] In the aftermath of the explosion, U.S. satellite makers shared information which allowed the Chinese to determine that the problem was in the welds. However, this sharing of information was later deemed illegal by the United States, and U.S. satellite makerLoral Space and Communications was fined $14 million by theU.S. government in 2002, while admitting no wrong-doing.Mintz, John, [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2003/01/01/MN153988.DTL "2 U.S. space giants accused of aiding China Hughes, Boeing allegedly gave away missile technology illegally"] , "Washington Post ", Jan. 1,2003 ]Since the improvements made after the 1996 accident, the reliability of the Long March rockets has been excellent, with zero failed launches. On
October 15 ,2003 , the Long March 2F rocket successfully launched the "Shenzhou 5 " spacecraft/orbiter carrying China's first astronaut into space, and onOctober 12 ,2005 , "Shenzhou 6 " with two astronauts; China became the third nation to send man into space on its own, after theSoviet Union /Russia and theUSA . On June 1, 2007, Long March rockets completed the 100th launch. OnOctober 24 ,2007 , the Long March 3A successfully launched (18:05 GMT+8) the "Chang'e 1 "lunar orbitingspacecraft from theXichang Satellite Launch Center .Planned launches
ee also
*
China National Space Administration
*Shenzhou spacecraft
*Space program of China
*Tsien Hsue-shen References
External links
* [http://www.astronautix.com/lvfam/lonmarch.htm Extensive information on the Chinese space program]
* [http://www.cgwic.com/index1.html China Great Wall Industry Corporation]
* [http://www.hq.nasa.gov/osf/2006/launch06.html NASA links - substitute year for other years]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y4oAQm4r5sI&mode=related&search= Long March 3 accident]
* [http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Launchpad/1921/engine.htm Long March Engines List]
* [http://www.braeunig.us/space/specs/lgmarch.htm Rocket and Space Technology]
* [http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Launchpad/1921/launch.htm Chinese Launch Vehicle Overview]
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