Reduplication in the Russian language

Reduplication in the Russian language

The reduplication in the Russian language serves for various kinds of the intensification of the meaning.

Reduplication is also observable in borrowed words, such as " _ru. пинг-понг" (IPA| [piŋ poŋ] ; ping-pong) and " _ru. зигзаг" (IPA| [zɪgˈzak] ; zig-zag), but since the words were borrowed as is from other languages, they are not examples of reduplication as it works in the grammar of Russian.

yllabic/root/stem reduplication

There are virtually no productive syllabic or root/stem reduplication in the modern Russian language. _ru. О. Ю. Крючкова, "Специфика внутрисловных удвоений в русском языке", in Proc. Intl. Congress "Russian Language: Historical Fates and Modern Times" ( _ru. "Русский язык: исторические судьбы и современность"), Moscow, MSU, March 13-16, 2001, section "Word Formation of the Modern Russian Language" ru icon ]

An ancient lexical stratum of the Russian language provides examples such as " _ru. мама" (IPA| [ˈmamə] ; mommy), " _ru. папа" (IPA| [ˈpapə] ; ), " _ru. баба" (IPA| [ˈbabə] ; granny)—a phenomenon common to many languages. It is argued that these words originated in the reduplicated babbling of infants.

Word reduplication

Word reduplications are mostly the feature of the colloquial language and in most cases do not constitute separate dictionary entries. Word reduplication may occur in the following forms:
*a hyphenated word, both of standard vocabulary or standard "ad hoc" word formation
**exact reduplication:
***" _ru. чуть-чуть" (IPA| [tɕʉtʲ ˈtɕʉtʲ] ; "very few", lit. "few-few")—a vocabulary word
***" _ru. белый-белый (снег)" (IPA| [ˈbʲɛlɨj ˈbʲɛlɨj (sʲnʲɛk)] ; "very white (snow)", lit. "white-white (snow)")—"ad-hoc" formation, for adjectives
**inflected reduplication:
***" _ru. давным-давно" (IPA| [dɐˈvnɨm dɐˈvno] ; "very long time ago", lit. "pastly-past")
***" _ru. белым-бело" (IPA| [bʲɪˈlɨm bʲɪˈlo] ; "very white", lit. "whitely-white")
**Reduplication of adjectives using the enhancement preposition " _ru. пре-" (IPA|/prʲe/)
***" _ru. большой-пребольшой" (IPA|bɐˈlʲʂoj prʲɪbɐˈlʲʂoj] ; "very big", lit. "big-very-big"
***" _ru. белый-пребелый" (IPA| [ˈbʲɛlɨj prʲɪˈbʲɛlɨj] ; "very white", lit. "white-very-white")
*A repetition of a word in dialogues as a device used either to request or to promise a higher degree of cooperation [Israeli, A. (1997). "Syntactic reduplication in Russian: A cooperative principle device in dialogues". Journal of Pragmatics, 27(5), 587-609] :
**" _ru. Давай, давай!" or " _ru. Давай-давай", (IPA| [dɐˈvaj dɐˈvaj] )—a general-purpose urge to do something, literally "give it, give it!", meaning "Just do it!" or "Let's do it!"
**" _ru. Беги, беги!" (IPA| [bʲɪˈgʲi bʲɪˈgʲi] ; "Run, run!")—a specific urge to run: to run fast or to run right away.
**" _ru. Конечно, конечно!" (IPA| [kɐˈnʲetɕnə kɐˈnʲetɕnə] )—an enhanced agreement: "Of course, of course!"
**" _ru. Да, да" (IPA| [da da] "Yes, yes")—an utterance used in dialogs to indicate either constant attention ("yes, yes, I am listening") or agreement ("yes, yes, of course")
*Shm-reduplication and m-reduplication, to express irony, borrowed from Yiddish and Central Asian cultures respectively, sometimes used as a mockery of the corresponding languages or peoples; see Russian jokes about Georgians for examples of this phenomenon
*As an expression of a frequentative or of a prolonged action
**" _ru. Тянут-потянут, вытянуть не могут" (IPA| [ˈtʲanut pɐˈtʲanut ˈvɨtʲɪnutʲ nʲɪ ˈmogut] ; "They are pulling and pulling, but cannot pull it [the turnip] out")—a phrase from the classical fairy tale "Repka" (" _ru. Репка", "The Turnip")
**" _ru. Смотрит, смотрит" (IPA| [ˈsmotrʲɪt ˈsmotrʲɪt] ; " [he] is looking and looking")
**" _ru. Шёл, шёл" (IPA| [ʂol ʂol] ; " [he] went and went")
*Onomatopoeic reduplication
**" _ru. Кап-кап-кап" (IPA| [kap kap kap] ; the sound of the droplets of water)
**" _ru. Тик-так" (IPA| [tik tak] ) or " _ru. тик-тик-тик" (IPA| [tik tik tik] ); the sound of a clock ticking
**" _ru. Гав-гав" (IPA| [gav gaf] ; bowwow)
*Frequentative, often combined with ideophonic/onomatopoeic derivation
**" _ru. Чик-чик" (IPA| [tɕik tɕik] ), from " _ru. чикнуть", "to slash with a knife"
**" _ru. Прыг-прыг" (IPA| [prɨk prɨk] ), from " _ru. прыгать" ("to jump", "to hop"). A similar derivation in English would be "When the red red Robin Comes bob bob bobbing along")

Affixal reduplication

A peculiarity of Russian language is synonymic affixal reduplication, whereby a root may acquire two productive suffixes or prefixes, different, but of the same semantics, with the corresponding intensification of the meaning:
*Affectional diminutives:
**" _ru. Подруга" (IPA| [pɐˈdrugə] )→" _ru. подружка" (IPA| [pɐˈdruʂkə] )→" _ru. подруженька" (IPA| [pɐˈdruʐɨnʲkə] "girlfriend"). Here, " _ru. г"→" _ru. ж" is an example of consonant mutation, and " _ru. -к-" and " _ru. -ень-" are two diminutive-generating suffixes. This kind of word formation is especially productive for given names: " _ru. Екатерина" (IPA| [jɪkətʲɪˈrʲinə] , "Catherine")→" _ru. Катя" (IPA| [ˈkatʲə] , hypocoristic)→" _ru. Катюша" (IPA| [kɐˈtʲuʂə] "Katyusha")→" _ru. Катюшенька" (IPA| [kɐˈtʲuʂɨnʲkə] )→" _ru. Катюшенечка" (IPA| [kɐˈtʲuʂɨnʲɪtɕkə] )

*Another example:
**" _ru. Забыть" (IPA| [zɐˈbɨtʲ] , "to forget")→" _ru. призабыть" (IPA| [prʲɪzɐˈbɨtʲ] , "to forget for a while")→" _ru. попризабыть" (IPA| [pəprʲɪzɐˈbɨtʲ] )

ee also

*Amredita
*Babbling

References


Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Поможем написать реферат

Look at other dictionaries:

  • Reduplication — in linguistics is a morphological process in which the root or stem of a word (or part of it) is repeated exactly or with a slight change. Reduplication is used in inflections to convey a grammatical function, such as plurality, intensification,… …   Wikipedia

  • Russian grammar — encompasses: * a highly synthetic morphology * a syntax that, for the literary language, is the conscious fusion of three elements: ** a Church Slavonic inheritance; ** a Western European style; ** a polished vernacular foundation.The Russian… …   Wikipedia

  • Lithuanian language — Lithuanian lietuvių kalba Spoken in Lithuania Region Europe Native speakers 3.2 million  (1998) Language family …   Wikipedia

  • Itelmen language — language name=Itelmen nativename=итэнмэн Itənmən familycolor=Paleosiberian states=Russia region=Kamchatka Peninsula speakers=Fewer than 100 fam1=Chukotko Kamchatkan fam2=Southern iso2=mis|iso3=itlItelmen, formerly also known as Kamchadal, is a… …   Wikipedia

  • Wintu language — language name=Wintu nativename=wintʰu:h familycolor=American states=United States region=Shasta County, Trinity County, California speakers=5 fam1= Penutian iso3=wit|Wintu is an endangered Wintuan language spoken by the Wintu people of Northern… …   Wikipedia

  • Ubykh language — language name=Ubykh nativename=twaχəbza familycolor=Caucasian states=Turkey region=Manyas, Balıkesir extinct=October 1992 when Tevfik Esenç died fam1=North Caucasian (disputed) fam2=Northwest Caucasian iso2=cau iso3=ubyUbykh or Ubyx is a language …   Wikipedia

  • Tsez language — Tsez цезяс мец / cezyas mec Pronunciation [t͡sɛzˈjas mɛt͡s] Spoken in Russia Region Southern Dagestan …   Wikipedia

  • Coast Tsimshian language — Coast Tsimshian Sm algyax Spoken in Canada, United States Region northwest British Columbia, southeast Alaska Ethnicity Tsimshian people …   Wikipedia

  • HEBREW LANGUAGE — This entry is arranged according to the following scheme: pre biblical biblical the dead sea scrolls mishnaic medieval modern period A detailed table of contents precedes each section. PRE BIBLICAL nature of the evidence the sources phonology… …   Encyclopedia of Judaism

  • Bengali language — Bangla redirects here. For Bangla speaking people, see Bengali people. Bengali বাংলা Bangla The word Bangla in Bangla Assamese alphabet …   Wikipedia

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”