Racquet

A racquet (or racket) is a sports implement consisting of a handled frame with an open hoop across which a network of cord is stretched tightly. It is used for striking a ball in such games as squash, tennis, racquetball, and badminton. Collectively, these games are known as racquet sports.

The frame of racquets for all sports was traditionally made of laminated wood and the strings of animal intestine known as gut. The traditional racquet size was limited by the strength and weight of the wooden frame which had to be strong enough to hold the strings and stiff enough to hit the ball or shuttle. Manufacturers started adding non-wood laminates to wood racquets to improve stiffness. Non-wood racquets were made first of steel, then of aluminium, and then carbon fiber composites. Wood is still used for real tennis, racquets, and xare. Most racquets are now made of composite materials including carbon fibre, glassfibre, metals such as titanium alloys or ceramics.

Gut has partially been replaced by synthetic materials including nylon, polyamide, and other polymers. Racquets are restrung when necessary, which may be after every match for a professional or never for a social player.

Badminton

Badminton racquets are light, with top quality racquets weighing between about 78 and 90 grams (with strings). Modern racquets are composed of carbon fibre composite (graphite reinforced plastic), which may be augmented by a variety of materials. Carbon fibre has an excellent strength to weight ratio, is stiff, and gives excellent kinetic energy transfer. Before the adoption of carbon fibre composite, racquets were made of wood to their excessive weight and cost. The first badminton racquet was created by Mr Wilson after an attempt at creating a tennis racquet.

There is a wide variety of racquet designs, although the racquet size and shape are limited by the Laws. Different racquets have playing characteristics that appeal to different players. The traditional oval head shape is still available, but an isometric head shape is increasingly common in new racquets.

Rackets

This predecessor to the modern game of squash, rackets, is played with 30½ inch (775 mm) wooden racquets. While squash equipment has evolved in the intervening century, rackets has changed little.

Racquetball

According to the current USA Racquetball rules there are no limitations on shape or weight of a racquetball racquet.

quote
Rule 2.4 RACQUET SPECIFICATIONS

#The racquet, including bumper guard and all solid parts of the handle, may not exceed 22 inches in length.
#The racquet frame may be any material judged safe.
#The racquet frame must include a cord that must be securely attached to the player's wrist.
#The string of the racquet must be gut, monofilament, nylon, graphite, plastic, metal, or a combination thereof, and must not mark or deface the ball.
#Using an illegal racquet will result in forfeiture of the game in progress or, if discovered between games, forfeiture of the preceding game.

Racquetball racquets, unlike many other types, generally have little or no neck; the grip connecting directly to the head. They also tend to have head shapes that are notably wider at the tip, some even verging on triangular.

Real Tennis

The 27 inch (22354mm) long racquets are made of wood and use very tight strings to cope with the heavy ball of Real Tennis. The racquet head is bent slightly to make it easier to strike balls close to the floor or in corners.

Squash

'Standard' squash racquets are governed by the rules of the game. Traditionally they were made of laminated timber (typically Ash), with a small strung area using natural 'gut' strings. After a rule change in the mid-1980s, they are now almost always made of composite materials or metals (graphite, Kevlar, titanium, and/or boron) with synthetic strings. Modern racquets are 70 cm long, with a maximum strung area of 500 square centimetres (approximately 75 square inches) and a weight between 110 and 200 grams (4-7 ounces).

Tennis

Modern tennis racquets vary in length, weight, and head size. 21" to 26" is normally a junior's length, while 27" or 27.5" are for stronger and taller adult players. Weights of a racquet also vary between 8 ounces unstrung and 12.5 ounces unstrung. Head size also plays a role in a racquet's qualities. A larger head size generally means more power, and a larger "sweet spot" that is more forgiving on off-center hits. A smaller head size offers more precise control. Head sizes of recent racquets vary between 90 sq. inches and 137 sq. inches as the Pro Staff 6.0 (85 sq. inches) went out of production last year.

Throughout most of tennis' history, racquets heads were around 65 square inches and racquets were made of laminated wood. In the late 1960s, Wilson produced the T2000 steel racquet with wire wound around the frame to make string loops. It was popularized by American top player Jimmy Connors. In 1975, aluminum construction allowed for the introduction of the first "oversized" racquet which was manufactured by [http://weedracquets.com/ Weed] . Prince popularized the oversize racquet, which had a head size of approximately 110 square-inches and opened the door for the introduction of racquets having other non-standard head sizes such as midsize 90 square-inches and mid-plus size 95 square-inches. In the early 1980s, "graphite" (carbon fibre) composites were introduced, and other materials were added to the composite, including ceramics, glassfibre, boron, and titanium. The Dunlop Max200G used by John McEnroe from 1983 was an early graphite racquet, along with the very popular Prince "Original" Graphite. Composite racquets are the contemporary standard.

Longer racquets were introduced by Dunlop [ [http://tennis.about.com/od/racquetsballsstringing/a/evolmodracquet_3.htm An evolutionary history of tennis racquets] ] in order to give additional reach for shots such as the serve and volley where shorter players may be at a disadvantage. Midsize or mid-plus racquets are the general standard for professional players.

Stringing (material, pattern, tension) is an important factor in the performance of a tennis racquet. A few elite players use natural gut, but the vast majority of strings are a nylon or polyester synthetic. Some (American champion Pete Sampras is a prominent example) consider the natural string to be more responsive, providing a better "feel", but synthetic is favored for its much superior durability, consistency, as well as much lower cost. String pattern (the vertical/horizontal grid) is a function of the racquet head size and design. A tighter pattern is considered to deliver more precise control; a more "open" pattern to offer greater potential for power and spin. Modern racquets are marked with a recommended string tension range. The basic rule is that a lower tension creates more power (from a "trampoline" effect) and a higher string tension creates more control (the ball stays on the strings longer, for more "feel" and shot direction.)Double strung tennis racquets were introduced in 1977 [ [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE0D91030F934A15750C0A967958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=print New York Times, Mar. 27, 1991] ] and then banned because they permitted excessive spin [ [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A03EFDD1438F93BA35751C1A967948260&n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/Subjects/T/Tennis New York Times, Dec. 8, 1991] ] . A modern version of a legal double strung racquet has been introduced [ [http://www.blackburneds.com/ Blackburne website] ] .

Choosing a tennis racquet

Choosing the right racquet will often boost a player's game. Racquet manufacturers such as Head, Wilson, Prince, Yonex, and Babolat, just to name a few, constantly introduce new lines of racquets each year. Depending on the budget, there are plenty of racquets to choose from; however, choosing the right one for a player's game is the key. There are several guidelines such as grip size, head size, length, flex, string patterns, weight, and balance to take into considerations before making the investment. The best thing to do is to demo different type of racquets to feel the difference before deciding on which one to buy. Most tennis equipment shops provides a demo program for their customers.

Grip Size

Choosing the right size of grip is essential. The grip size is measured as the length of the perimeter of the octagonal cross-section of the handle. Grip sizes 3⅞ and 4 are for juniors where 4¼, 4⅜, 4½, and 4⅝ are for adults. The average size for female is 4¼, while the average size for male is 4⅜ [ [http://www.tenniswarehouse.com.au/store/racquets/grip-size.html Grip Size :: Tenniswarehouse.com.au :: Tennis Racquets, Ball Machines, Stringing & More! ] ] . A method for determining the right grip size is to hold the racquet where the palm is on the same bevel as the string face. It should be possible to comfortably fit the index finger in the space created between the ring finger and the palm that is holding the racquet. If there is not enough space for the index finger, then the grip is too small. If there is too much space then the grip is too big. If one is in between two grip sizes, the advice is to pick the smaller one. It is always possible to make the grip bigger by adding an overgrip which will increase the size by 1/16 or half a grip size.

Head Size

Head size is the measure of the hitting area. A midsize racquet has a hitting area of 85-95 square inches, mid-plus 95-105 square inches, and oversize greater than 105 square inches. Bigger head size racquet offer more power and spin, however; they lack maneuverability and stability. Smaller head size racquet offer more control and less power. In general, more accomplished players tend to use mid-size and mid-plus racquet because they can generate more power on their own and need a racquet that they can control their power with. Larger racquets usually appeal more to beginner and intermediate players who are looking for more power and larger sweet spot.

Racquet Length

The standard length of a tennis racquet is 27 inches. However, in recent years, manufacturers introduced extra long or stretch racquets which ranges from 27.5 to 29 inches long. These racquets, called extended length racquets, can give players more power and slightly extra reach. Usually, the extra long racquet is lighter in weight compared to its standard length counterpart to keep it maneuverable.

Flex

The flex or stiffness of a tennis racquet is the racquet’s resistance to bending or deforming upon impact with the ball. A stiffer racquet bends less, thus depleting less energy from the ball and offers more power. A flexible racquet bends more, resulting in more energy loss and less power, but more control of the ball. Players with short swing would want to have stiffer racquets since it will give the most power. A much less stiff racquet give less power and would suit players with longer swing who can generate their own power. Stiff racquets also offer solid feel while less stiff racquets have a softer feel. One thing to keep in mind is the highly stiff racquets tend to give players tennis elbow.

String Pattern

String pattern is measured by how many strings go up and down (called mains) and how many strings go side to side (crosses) when the racquet is fully strung. An “open” string pattern is one where there is a lot of empty space in the string bed because there are fewer strings. A 16 x 18 is a common "open" string pattern where 18 x 20 is an example of a “closed” string pattern.

Open string patterns are popularly thought to allow for more spin potential, as the ball can embed itself into the strings more, due to their wider spacing. However, recent scientific studies have found that stringbed properties do not directly affect spin potential of a racquet. A more open string pattern does make for higher deflection angles, which results in higher arch in ball's trajectory - this difference in deflection angle may give an impression of more spin. [ [http://www.tennis-warehouse.com/descpage-PHYSICS.html The Physics and Technology of Tennis - by Howard Brody,Rod Cross,Crawford Lindsey] ]

One drawback of open string pattern is it reduces the string’s durability. Open string patterns place more impact stress on individual strings and also allow the strings to move more freely, increasing abrasion which causes string breakage.

Weight

Technology has played a large role in racquet weights. Until the 1990s, tennis racquets weighed an average of 12-13 ounces. When Hammer technology was introduced by Wilson, it reduced the weight to 10-11 ounces. Nowadays, most manufacturers offer sub 10 ounces racquets. Heavier racquets are less maneuverable but more powerful and more stable than the lighter counter part. Lighter racquets generally are best suited for beginner and intermediate players because of their maneuverability. More accomplished players tend to prefer heavier racquets. When examining the weight of the racquet, it is also important to understand the weight balance.

Balance

Racquets with the same weight could have different balance. A racquet with more weight distributed on the head rather than the handle is called a head heavy racquet, and the opposite is called a head light racquet. Head heavy racquets give players more power but lack maneuverability because of weight distribution. On the other hand, head light racquets provide more control and maneuverability. Most accomplished players tend to choose head light racquets.

Table tennis

In the form of Basque Pelota known as xare, the racquet (called an Argentine racquet) is constructed out of a curved wicker or wooden ring (hazel or chestnut), which holds a leather net attached around the inside that is Interlinked and somewhat loosely strung. The ball is not exactly struck, nor is it quite caught—the effect is somewhere in between : you have to catch the ball in the net then you send it back with a quick wrist stroke.This speciality of Basque Pelota was practised initially by the Basque clergy, who exported it to Argentina.

References

External links

* [http://www.tennisracquets.com Find Your Perfect racquet]
* [http://www.tennis-warehouse.com/LC/SelectingRacquet/SelectingRacquet.html Selecting the Right Racquet]
* [http://www.thetenniscoach.com.au/equip_racket.html The Tennis Coach]
* [http://www.courtcompany.com/index.php?ID=24&XID=219:24:0:0:0 Selecting the Right Grip Size]
* [http://www.sil.si.edu/exhibitions/doodles/cf/doodles_enlarge.cfm?id_
] ; (1974) Smithsonian Institution Libraries
* [http://www.woodtennis.com/wood10src.htm Website for old tennis racquets & collectibles]
* [http://tennis.about.com/od/racquetsballsstringing/a/evolmodracquet.htm The History of Tennis Racquets - Evolution of the Modern Racquet]
* [http://www.madehow.com/Volume-3/Tennis-Racket.html How Products are Made - Tennis Racquet]
* [http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/it/1997/4/1997_4_56.shtml The Big Technological Tennis Upset]