Burns stanza

The Burns stanza is a verse form named after the Scottish poet Robert Burns. It was not, however, invented by Burns, and prior to his use of it was known as the standard Habbie, after the poet Habbie Simpson (1550-1620). It is also sometimes known as the Scottish stanza or six-line stave.

The first notable poem written in this stanza was the "Lament for Habbie Simpson" by Robert Sempill of Beltrees. The stanza was used frequently by major 18th century Lowland Scots poets such as Robert Fergusson and Robert Burns, and has also been used by subsequent poets. Major poems in the stanza include Burns's "To a Louse", "Address to the Deil" and "Death and Doctor Hornbook". The stanza is six lines in length and rhymes aaabab, with tetrameter a lines and dimeter b lines. The second b line may or may not be repeated.

Although the "Lament for Habbie" itself is strictly lyrical, subsequent uses have tended to be comic and satirical. The stanza is naturally suited to comic rhymes, as the quoted passage from Burns shows:

:O THOU! whatever title suit thee—:Auld Hornie, Satan, Nick, or Clootie, :Wha in yon cavern grim an’ sootie, ::Clos’d under hatches, :Spairges about the brunstane cootie,::To scaud poor wretches! :Hear me, auld Hangie, for a wee, :An’ let poor damned bodies be; :I’m sure sma’ pleasure it can gie, ::Ev’n to a deil,:To skelp an’ scaud poor dogs like me, ::An’ hear us squeel!:--"Address to the Deil"

A variation on the Burns stanza employs the rhyme scheme aabcccb, with foreshortened third and seventh lines. This form is deployed, for example, in W. H. Auden's poem "Brother, who when the sirens roar" (also known as "A Communist to Others"):

Brothers, who when the sirens roar From office, shop and factory pour:'Neath evening sky;By cops directed to the fug Of talkie-houses for a drug, Or down canals to find a hug :Until you die: (lines 1-7)

Auden uses similar verse forms in other poems in the collection "Look, Stranger!" (also known as "On This Island"), such as "The Witnesses" and "Out on the lawn I lie in bed" (also known as "Summer Night"). A more recent example can be seen in W. N. Herbert's "To a Mousse".