William James (naval historian)

William James (born in 1780- died in South Lambeth, London, on 28 May1827) was a British naval historian who wrote important naval histories the period 1793/1815.

Career

Although little is known of his early life, William James was trained in the law and began his career as an attorney. He practiced before the Supreme Court of Jamaica and served as a proctor in the Vice-Admiralty Court of Jamaica from 1801 to 1813. In 1812, when war broke out between Great Britain and the Unites States, James was in the United States. Detained by American authorities as a British national, he escaped to Halifax, Nova Scotia in 1813.

This experience interested him in the War of 1812 and he began to write about it, particularly defending the reputation of the Royal Navy and pointing out the factual errors and excessive claims that American reports made against the Royal Navy. His initial literary efforts seems to have been letters written to the editor of the "Naval Chronicle" under the pen name 'Boxer'. In 1816, he published his first pamphlet, "An inquiry into the merits of the principal naval actions between Great Britain and the United States". This pamphlet caused a controversy in the United States, leading to much American criticism of James' views.

James went on to write his six-volume "Naval History of Great Britain, 1793 - 1827" in reaction to American accounts of the War of 1812. Similar in approach, this work was highly critical of the history that his contemporary Captain Edward Brenton had written on the subject and led to controversy between them that is reflected in successive editions of their works. James died in 1827, but his works continued to be published. Captain Frederick Chamier expanded the work in 1837 to included the Burmese War and the Battle of Navarino. The book remained a major reference work and was so often consulted that the Navy Records Society published an index to the history in 1895, which is now available on the Internet.

Theodore Roosevelt, as a young Harvard University student in his senior year in 1876-77, began work on a definitive response from the American perspective called "The Naval War of 1812". Published in 1882, the book took James to task for what Roosevelt felt were glaring mistakes and outright misrepresentations of fact based on malicious anti-American bias and shabby research. In places, Roosevelt becomes almost mocking in his criticism of James. The book was an immediate sensation in the United States and is still considered a source book on the subject. No less than three books on the War of 1812 written in 2006 alone quoted from Roosevelt's response.

Published Works

* "An Inquiry into the merits of the principal naval actions between Great Britain and the United States : comprising an account of all British and American ships of war captured and destroyed since 18 June 1812" (Halifax: Holland, 1816).

* "A full and correct account of the chief naval occurrences of the late war between Great Britain and the United States of America : preceded by a cursory examination of the American accounts of their naval actions fought previous to that period" (London: T. Egerton, 1817); (London: Conway Maritime Press, 2002).

* "Warden refuted; being a defence of the British navy against the misrepresentations of a work ... entitled, “A statistical ... account of the United States of North America,” by D. B. Warden, ... in a letter to the author of that work" (London, 1819).

* "The naval history of Great Britain from the declaration of war by France in February 1793 to the accession of George IV in January 1820 : with an account of the origin and progressive increase of the British Navy ..." Five volumes (London Baldwin, Cradock & Joy, 1822-24); New edition in Six volumes " ... and an account of the Burmese War and the battle of Navarino". (London: R. Bentley, 1837); (London: R. Bentley, 1847); (London: R. Bentley, 1859); (London: Richard Bentley, 1860); (London: Richard Bentley, 1886); (London: Macmillan, 1902); (London: Conway Maritime Press, 2002).

References and Sources

* H. Furber, 'How William James came to be a naval Historian', "American Historical Review", vol. 38 (1932-33), pp. 74-85.

* Andrew Lambert, introduction to 2002 and 2004 editions of James's works, as listed above.

* John Knox Laughton, revised by Andrew Lambert, 'James, William (d. 1827)' in "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography" (2004)

External links

* [http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~pbtyc/Naval_History/Index.html "Index to Naval History of Great Britain, 1793 - 1827"]