- Buddhist culture and art
Buddhist art
"Buddhist art" originated in the
Indian subcontinent in the centuries following the life of the historicalGautama Buddha in the 6th to 5th century BCE, before evolving through its contact with other cultures and its diffusion through the rest ofAsia and the world.A first, essentially Indian, "aniconic phase" (avoiding direct representations of the Buddha), was followed from around the 1st century CE by an "icon ic phase" (with direct representations of the Buddha). From that time, Buddhist art diversified and evolved as it adapted to the new countries where the faith was expanding. It developed to the north throughCentral Asia and intoEastern Asia to form the Northern branch of Buddhist art, and to the east as far asSoutheast Asia to form the Southern branch of Buddhist art. In India, Buddhist art flourished and even influenced the development of Hindu art, until Buddhism almost disappeared around the 10th century with the expansion of Hinduism andIslam .Buddhist architecture
"Buddhist religious architecture" most notably developed in the
South Asia in the third century BCE.Two types of structures are associated with early
Buddhism :stupas andviharas . The initial function of a stupa was the veneration and safe-guarding of the relics of the Buddha. The earliest existing example of a stupa is inSanchi (Madhya Pradesh ). In accordance with changes in religious practice, stupas were gradually incorporated intochaitya -grihas (stupa halls). These reached their highpoint in the first century BCE, exemplified by the cave complexes ofAjanta andEllora (Maharashtra ). Viharas were developed to accommodate the growing and increasingly formalised Buddhistmonasticism . An existing example is at Nālandā, (Bihar ).Buddhist
temples were developed rather later and outside South Asia, where Buddhism gradually declined from the early centuries CE onwards, though an early example is that of the Mahabodhi temple atBodh Gaya inBihar .Buddhist music
"Buddhist music" prominently includes
Honkyoku ,Buddhist chant , andShomyo . Honkyoku are the pieces ofshakuhachi yoku for enlightenment and alms as early as the13th century .Buddhist chant is the
chant used in or inspired by Buddhism, including many genres in many cultures. It includes:
*Repetition of the name of Amitābha inPure Land Buddhism .
*Shomyo in Japanese Tendai and Shingon Buddhism.
*Throat singing in Tibetan Buddhist chant.Musical chanting, most often in Tibetan or Sanskrit, is an integral part of the religion. These chants are complex, often recitations of sacred texts or in celebration of various festivals. Yang chanting, performed without metrical timing, is accompanied by resonant drums and low, sustained syllables.
Shomyo (声明) is a style of Japanese
Buddhist chant ; mainly in the Tendai and Shingon sects. There are two styles: ryokyoku and rikkyoku, described as difficult and easy to remember, respectively.Many ritual musical instruments are used in association with Buddhist practice including
singing bowls , bells,tingsha , drums, cymbals, wind instruments and others.Buddhist cuisine
Buddhist cuisine is a kind of
cuisine mainly for the believers ofBuddhism . It is known as zhāi cài ("zhāi" means "purification" or "discipline", "cai" means "cuisine" or "vegetable") inChina , and shōjin ryōri ("shōjin" means "devotion", "ryōri" means "cuisine") inJapan , and by many other names in other countries. Due to the understanding of animals as conscious and suffering beings, many Buddhists do not kill animals and many also do not eatmeat (other than that from those who died :) naturally, and from species where the consumption of brethren is not troubling to the still living). Certain major Mahayana sutras show the Buddha forcefully denouncing meat-consumption and advocating vegetarianism (vegetarianism in Buddhism ). Some Mahāyāna Buddhists inChina andVietnam also avoid eating strong-smelling plants such asonion ,garlic ,chives ,shallot , and leek, and refer to these as "wu hun" (五葷, ii Love Yuu..x'Five Spices'). Buddhist vegetarian chefs have become extremely creative in imitating meat using prepared wheat gluten, also known as "seitan" or "wheat meat",soy (such astofu ortempeh ),agar , and otherplant products. Some of their recipes are the oldest and most-refinedmeat analogue s in the world.
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